HsType.hs

{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds           #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts    #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes          #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies        #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns        #-}

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wno-incomplete-uni-patterns #-}

{-
(c) The University of Glasgow 2006
(c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

-}

-- | Typechecking user-specified @MonoTypes@
module GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType (
        -- Type signatures
        kcClassSigType, tcClassSigType,
        tcHsSigType, tcHsSigWcType,
        tcHsPartialSigType,
        tcStandaloneKindSig,
        funsSigCtxt, addSigCtxt, pprSigCtxt,

        tcHsClsInstType,
        tcHsDeriv, tcDerivStrategy,
        tcHsTypeApp,
        UserTypeCtxt(..),
        bindImplicitTKBndrs_Tv, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol,
            bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv, bindImplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol,
        bindExplicitTKBndrs_Tv, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Skol,
            bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Tv, bindExplicitTKBndrs_Q_Skol,

        bindOuterFamEqnTKBndrs, bindOuterFamEqnTKBndrs_Q_Tv,
        tcOuterTKBndrs, scopedSortOuter,
        bindOuterSigTKBndrs_Tv,
        tcExplicitTKBndrs,
        bindNamedWildCardBinders,

        -- Type checking type and class decls, and instances thereof
        bindTyClTyVars, tcFamTyPats,
        etaExpandAlgTyCon, tcbVisibilities,

          -- tyvars
        zonkAndScopedSort,

        -- Kind-checking types
        -- No kind generalisation, no checkValidType
        InitialKindStrategy(..),
        SAKS_or_CUSK(..),
        ContextKind(..),
        kcDeclHeader,
        tcHsLiftedType,   tcHsOpenType,
        tcHsLiftedTypeNC, tcHsOpenTypeNC,
        tcInferLHsType, tcInferLHsTypeKind, tcInferLHsTypeUnsaturated,
        tcCheckLHsType,
        tcHsContext, tcLHsPredType,

        kindGeneralizeAll, kindGeneralizeSome, kindGeneralizeNone,

        -- Sort-checking kinds
        tcLHsKindSig, checkDataKindSig, DataSort(..),
        checkClassKindSig,

        -- Multiplicity
        tcMult,

        -- Pattern type signatures
        tcHsPatSigType,
        HoleMode(..),

        -- Error messages
        funAppCtxt, addTyConFlavCtxt
   ) where

import GHC.Prelude

import GHC.Hs
import GHC.Rename.Utils
import GHC.Tc.Errors.Types
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad
import GHC.Tc.Types.Origin
import GHC.Core.Predicate
import GHC.Tc.Types.Constraint
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Env
import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcMType
import GHC.Tc.Validity
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Unify
import GHC.IfaceToCore
import GHC.Tc.Solver
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Zonk
import GHC.Core.TyCo.Rep
import GHC.Core.TyCo.Ppr
import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Instantiate ( tcInstInvisibleTyBinders, tcInstInvisibleTyBindersN,
                                  tcInstInvisibleTyBinder )
import GHC.Core.Type
import GHC.Builtin.Types.Prim
import GHC.Types.Error
import GHC.Types.Name.Env
import GHC.Types.Name.Reader( lookupLocalRdrOcc )
import GHC.Types.Var
import GHC.Types.Var.Set
import GHC.Core.TyCon
import GHC.Core.ConLike
import GHC.Core.DataCon
import GHC.Core.Class
import GHC.Types.Name
-- import GHC.Types.Name.Set
import GHC.Types.Var.Env
import GHC.Builtin.Types
import GHC.Types.Basic
import GHC.Types.SrcLoc
import GHC.Types.Unique
import GHC.Types.Unique.FM
import GHC.Types.Unique.Set
import GHC.Utils.Misc
import GHC.Types.Unique.Supply
import GHC.Utils.Outputable
import GHC.Utils.Panic
import GHC.Utils.Panic.Plain
import GHC.Data.FastString
import GHC.Builtin.Names hiding ( wildCardName )
import GHC.Driver.Session
import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt

import GHC.Data.Maybe
import GHC.Data.Bag( unitBag )
import Data.List ( find )
import Control.Monad

{-
        ----------------------------
                General notes
        ----------------------------

Unlike with expressions, type-checking types both does some checking and
desugars at the same time. This is necessary because we often want to perform
equality checks on the types right away, and it would be incredibly painful
to do this on un-desugared types. Luckily, desugared types are close enough
to HsTypes to make the error messages sane.

During type-checking, we perform as little validity checking as possible.
Generally, after type-checking, you will want to do validity checking, say
with GHC.Tc.Validity.checkValidType.

Validity checking
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some of the validity check could in principle be done by the kind checker,
but not all:

- During desugaring, we normalise by expanding type synonyms.  Only
  after this step can we check things like type-synonym saturation
  e.g.  type T k = k Int
        type S a = a
  Then (T S) is ok, because T is saturated; (T S) expands to (S Int);
  and then S is saturated.  This is a GHC extension.

- Similarly, also a GHC extension, we look through synonyms before complaining
  about the form of a class or instance declaration

- Ambiguity checks involve functional dependencies

Also, in a mutually recursive group of types, we can't look at the TyCon until we've
finished building the loop.  So to keep things simple, we postpone most validity
checking until step (3).

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
              Check types AND do validity checking
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [Keeping implicitly quantified variables in order]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When the user implicitly quantifies over variables (say, in a type
signature), we need to come up with some ordering on these variables.
This is done by bumping the TcLevel, bringing the tyvars into scope,
and then type-checking the thing_inside. The constraints are all
wrapped in an implication, which is then solved. Finally, we can
zonk all the binders and then order them with scopedSort.

It's critical to solve before zonking and ordering in order to uncover
any unifications. You might worry that this eager solving could cause
trouble elsewhere. I don't think it will. Because it will solve only
in an increased TcLevel, it can't unify anything that was mentioned
elsewhere. Additionally, we require that the order of implicitly
quantified variables is manifest by the scope of these variables, so
we're not going to learn more information later that will help order
these variables.

Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kind-checking a user-written signature requires several steps:

 0. Bump the TcLevel
 1.   Bind any lexically-scoped type variables.
 2.   Generate constraints.
 3. Solve constraints.
 4. Sort any implicitly-bound variables into dependency order
 5. Promote tyvars and/or kind-generalize.
 6. Zonk.
 7. Check validity.

Very similar steps also apply when kind-checking a type or class
declaration.

The general pattern looks something like this.  (But NB every
specific instance varies in one way or another!)

    do { (tclvl, wanted, (spec_tkvs, ty))
              <- pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX "tc_top_lhs_type" $
                 bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol sig_vars              $
                 <kind-check the type>

       ; spec_tkvs <- zonkAndScopedSort spec_tkvs

       ; reportUnsolvedEqualities skol_info spec_tkvs tclvl wanted

       ; let ty1 = mkSpecForAllTys spec_tkvs ty
       ; kvs <- kindGeneralizeAll ty1

       ; final_ty <- zonkTcTypeToType (mkInfForAllTys kvs ty1)

       ; checkValidType final_ty

This pattern is repeated many times in GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType,
GHC.Tc.Gen.Sig, and GHC.Tc.TyCl, with variations.  In more detail:

* pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX (Step 0, step 3) bumps the TcLevel,
  calls the thing inside to generate constraints, solves those
  constraints as much as possible, returning the residual unsolved
  constraints in 'wanted'.

* bindImplicitTKBndrs_Skol (Step 1) binds the user-specified type
  variables E.g.  when kind-checking f :: forall a. F a -> a we must
  bring 'a' into scope before kind-checking (F a -> a)

* zonkAndScopedSort (Step 4) puts those user-specified variables in
  the dependency order.  (For "implicit" variables the order is no
  user-specified.  E.g.  forall (a::k1) (b::k2). blah k1 and k2 are
  implicitly brought into scope.

* reportUnsolvedEqualities (Step 3 continued) reports any unsolved
  equalities, carefully wrapping them in an implication that binds the
  skolems.  We can't do that in pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX because
  that function doesn't have access to the skolems.

* kindGeneralize (Step 5). See Note [Kind generalisation]

* The final zonkTcTypeToType must happen after promoting/generalizing,
  because promoting and generalizing fill in metavariables.


Doing Step 3 (constraint solving) eagerly (rather than building an
implication constraint and solving later) is necessary for several
reasons:

* Exactly as for Solver.simplifyInfer: when generalising, we solve all
  the constraints we can so that we don't have to quantify over them
  or, since we don't quantify over constraints in kinds, float them
  and inhibit generalisation.

* Most signatures also bring implicitly quantified variables into
  scope, and solving is necessary to get these in the right order
  (Step 4) see Note [Keeping implicitly quantified variables in
  order]).

Note [Kind generalisation]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Step 5 of Note [Recipe for checking a signature], namely
kind-generalisation, is done by
    kindGeneraliseAll
    kindGeneraliseSome
    kindGeneraliseNone

Here, we have to deal with the fact that metatyvars generated in the
type will have a bumped TcLevel, because explicit foralls raise the
TcLevel. To avoid these variables from ever being visible in the
surrounding context, we must obey the following dictum:

  Every metavariable in a type must either be
    (A) generalized, or
    (B) promoted, or        See Note [Promotion in signatures]
    (C) a cause to error    See Note [Naughty quantification candidates]
                            in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcMType

There are three steps (look at kindGeneraliseSome):

1. candidateQTyVarsOfType finds the free variables of the type or kind,
   to generalise

2. filterConstrainedCandidates filters out candidates that appear
   in the unsolved 'wanteds', and promotes the ones that get filtered out
   thereby.

3. quantifyTyVars quantifies the remaining type variables

The kindGeneralize functions do not require pre-zonking; they zonk as they
go.

kindGeneraliseAll specialises for the case where step (2) is vacuous.
kindGeneraliseNone specialises for the case where we do no quantification,
but we must still promote.

If you are actually doing kind-generalization, you need to bump the
level before generating constraints, as we will only generalize
variables with a TcLevel higher than the ambient one.
Hence the "pushLevel" in pushLevelAndSolveEqualities.

Note [Promotion in signatures]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If an unsolved metavariable in a signature is not generalized
(because we're not generalizing the construct -- e.g., pattern
sig -- or because the metavars are constrained -- see kindGeneralizeSome)
we need to promote to maintain (WantedTvInv) of Note [TcLevel invariants]
in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType. Note that promotion is identical in effect to generalizing
and the reinstantiating with a fresh metavariable at the current level.
So in some sense, we generalize *all* variables, but then re-instantiate
some of them.

Here is an example of why we must promote:
  foo (x :: forall a. a -> Proxy b) = ...

In the pattern signature, `b` is unbound, and will thus be brought into
scope. We do not know its kind: it will be assigned kappa[2]. Note that
kappa is at TcLevel 2, because it is invented under a forall. (A priori,
the kind kappa might depend on `a`, so kappa rightly has a higher TcLevel
than the surrounding context.) This kappa cannot be solved for while checking
the pattern signature (which is not kind-generalized). When we are checking
the *body* of foo, though, we need to unify the type of x with the argument
type of bar. At this point, the ambient TcLevel is 1, and spotting a
matavariable with level 2 would violate the (WantedTvInv) invariant of
Note [TcLevel invariants]. So, instead of kind-generalizing,
we promote the metavariable to level 1. This is all done in kindGeneralizeNone.

-}

funsSigCtxt :: [LocatedN Name] -> UserTypeCtxt
-- Returns FunSigCtxt, with no redundant-context-reporting,
-- form a list of located names
funsSigCtxt (L _ name1 : _) = FunSigCtxt name1 NoRRC
funsSigCtxt []              = panic "funSigCtxt"

addSigCtxt :: Outputable hs_ty => UserTypeCtxt -> LocatedA hs_ty -> TcM a -> TcM a
addSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty thing_inside
  = setSrcSpan (getLocA hs_ty) $
    addErrCtxt (pprSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty) $
    thing_inside

pprSigCtxt :: Outputable hs_ty => UserTypeCtxt -> LocatedA hs_ty -> SDoc
-- (pprSigCtxt ctxt <extra> <type>)
-- prints    In the type signature for 'f':
--              f :: <type>
-- The <extra> is either empty or "the ambiguity check for"
pprSigCtxt ctxt hs_ty
  | Just n <- isSigMaybe ctxt
  = hang (text "In the type signature:")
       2 (pprPrefixOcc n <+> dcolon <+> ppr hs_ty)

  | otherwise
  = hang (text "In" <+> pprUserTypeCtxt ctxt <> colon)
       2 (ppr hs_ty)

tcHsSigWcType :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigWcType GhcRn -> TcM Type
-- This one is used when we have a LHsSigWcType, but in
-- a place where wildcards aren't allowed. The renamer has
-- already checked this, so we can simply ignore it.
tcHsSigWcType ctxt sig_ty = tcHsSigType ctxt (dropWildCards sig_ty)

kcClassSigType :: [LocatedN Name] -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM ()
-- This is a special form of tcClassSigType that is used during the
-- kind-checking phase to infer the kind of class variables. Cf. tc_lhs_sig_type.
-- Importantly, this does *not* kind-generalize. Consider
--   class SC f where
--     meth :: forall a (x :: f a). Proxy x -> ()
-- When instantiating Proxy with kappa, we must unify kappa := f a. But we're
-- still working out the kind of f, and thus f a will have a coercion in it.
-- Coercions block unification (Note [Equalities with incompatible kinds] in
-- TcCanonical) and so we fail to unify. If we try to kind-generalize, we'll
-- end up promoting kappa to the top level (because kind-generalization is
-- normally done right before adding a binding to the context), and then we
-- can't set kappa := f a, because a is local.
kcClassSigType names
    sig_ty@(L _ (HsSig { sig_bndrs = hs_outer_bndrs, sig_body = hs_ty }))
  = addSigCtxt (funsSigCtxt names) sig_ty $
    do { _ <- bindOuterSigTKBndrs_Tv hs_outer_bndrs    $
              tcLHsType hs_ty liftedTypeKind
       ; return () }

tcClassSigType :: [LocatedN Name] -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
-- Does not do validity checking
tcClassSigType names sig_ty
  = addSigCtxt sig_ctxt sig_ty $
    do { (implic, ty) <- tc_lhs_sig_type skol_info sig_ty (TheKind liftedTypeKind)
       ; emitImplication implic
       ; return ty }
       -- Do not zonk-to-Type, nor perform a validity check
       -- We are in a knot with the class and associated types
       -- Zonking and validity checking is done by tcClassDecl
       --
       -- No need to fail here if the type has an error:
       --   If we're in the kind-checking phase, the solveEqualities
       --     in kcTyClGroup catches the error
       --   If we're in the type-checking phase, the solveEqualities
       --     in tcClassDecl1 gets it
       -- Failing fast here degrades the error message in, e.g., tcfail135:
       --   class Foo f where
       --     baa :: f a -> f
       -- If we fail fast, we're told that f has kind `k1` when we wanted `*`.
       -- It should be that f has kind `k2 -> *`, but we never get a chance
       -- to run the solver where the kind of f is touchable. This is
       -- painfully delicate.
  where
    sig_ctxt = funsSigCtxt names
    skol_info = SigTypeSkol sig_ctxt

tcHsSigType :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
-- Does validity checking
-- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
tcHsSigType ctxt sig_ty
  = addSigCtxt ctxt sig_ty $
    do { traceTc "tcHsSigType {" (ppr sig_ty)

          -- Generalise here: see Note [Kind generalisation]
       ; (implic, ty) <- tc_lhs_sig_type skol_info sig_ty  (expectedKindInCtxt ctxt)

       -- Float out constraints, failing fast if not possible
       -- See Note [Failure in local type signatures] in GHC.Tc.Solver
       ; traceTc "tcHsSigType 2" (ppr implic)
       ; simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints (mkImplicWC (unitBag implic))

       ; ty <- zonkTcType ty
       ; checkValidType ctxt ty
       ; traceTc "end tcHsSigType }" (ppr ty)
       ; return ty }
  where
    skol_info = SigTypeSkol ctxt

tc_lhs_sig_type :: SkolemInfo -> LHsSigType GhcRn
               -> ContextKind -> TcM (Implication, TcType)
-- Kind-checks/desugars an 'LHsSigType',
--   solve equalities,
--   and then kind-generalizes.
-- This will never emit constraints, as it uses solveEqualities internally.
-- No validity checking or zonking
-- Returns also an implication for the unsolved constraints
tc_lhs_sig_type skol_info full_hs_ty@(L loc (HsSig { sig_bndrs = hs_outer_bndrs
                                                   , sig_body = hs_ty })) ctxt_kind
  = setSrcSpanA loc $
    do { (tc_lvl, wanted, (exp_kind, (outer_bndrs, ty)))
              <- pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX "tc_lhs_sig_type" $
                 -- See Note [Failure in local type signatures]
                 do { exp_kind <- newExpectedKind ctxt_kind
                          -- See Note [Escaping kind in type signatures]
                    ; stuff <- tcOuterTKBndrs skol_info hs_outer_bndrs $
                               tcLHsType hs_ty exp_kind
                    ; return (exp_kind, stuff) }

       -- Default any unconstrained variables free in the kind
       -- See Note [Escaping kind in type signatures]
       ; exp_kind_dvs <- candidateQTyVarsOfType exp_kind
       ; doNotQuantifyTyVars exp_kind_dvs (mk_doc exp_kind)

       ; traceTc "tc_lhs_sig_type" (ppr hs_outer_bndrs $$ ppr outer_bndrs)
       ; (outer_tv_bndrs :: [InvisTVBinder]) <- scopedSortOuter outer_bndrs

       ; let ty1 = mkInvisForAllTys outer_tv_bndrs ty

       ; kvs <- kindGeneralizeSome wanted ty1

       -- Build an implication for any as-yet-unsolved kind equalities
       -- See Note [Skolem escape in type signatures]
       ; implic <- buildTvImplication skol_info kvs tc_lvl wanted

       ; return (implic, mkInfForAllTys kvs ty1) }
  where
    mk_doc exp_kind tidy_env
      = do { (tidy_env2, exp_kind) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env exp_kind
           ; return (tidy_env2, hang (text "The kind" <+> ppr exp_kind)
                                   2 (text "of type signature:" <+> ppr full_hs_ty)) }



{- Note [Escaping kind in type signatures]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider kind-checking the signature for `foo` (#19495):
  type family T (r :: RuntimeRep) :: TYPE r

  foo :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). T r
  foo = ...

We kind-check the type with expected kind `TYPE delta` (see newExpectedKind),
where `delta :: RuntimeRep` is as-yet unknown. (We can't use `TYPE LiftedRep`
because we allow signatures like `foo :: Int#`.)

Suppose we are at level L currently.  We do this
  * pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX: moves to level L+1
  * newExpectedKind: allocates delta{L+1}
  * tcOuterTKBndrs: pushes the level again to L+2, binds skolem r{L+2}
  * kind-check the body (T r) :: TYPE delta{L+1}

Then
* We can't unify delta{L+1} with r{L+2}.
  And rightly so: skolem would escape.

* If delta{L+1} is unified with some-kind{L}, that is fine.
  This can happen
      \(x::a) -> let y :: a; y = x in ...(x :: Int#)...
  Here (x :: a :: TYPE gamma) is in the environment when we check
  the signature y::a.  We unify delta := gamma, and all is well.

* If delta{L+1} is unconstrained, we /must not/ quantify over it!
  E.g. Consider f :: Any   where Any :: forall k. k
  We kind-check this with expected kind TYPE kappa. We get
      Any @(TYPE kappa) :: TYPE kappa
  We don't want to generalise to     forall k. Any @k
  because that is ill-kinded: the kind of the body of the forall,
  (Any @k :: k) mentions the bound variable k.

  Instead we want to default it to LiftedRep.

  An alternative would be to promote it, similar to the monomorphism
  restriction, but the MR is pretty confusing.  Defaulting seems better

How does that defaulting happen?  Well, since we /currently/ default
RuntimeRep variables during generalisation, it'll happen in
kindGeneralize. But in principle we might allow generalisation over
RuntimeRep variables in future.  Moreover, what if we had
   kappa{L+1} := F alpha{L+1}
where F :: Type -> RuntimeRep.   Now it's alpha that is free in the kind
and it /won't/ be defaulted.

So we use doNotQuantifyTyVars to either default the free vars of
exp_kind (if possible), or error (if not).

Note [Skolem escape in type signatures]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
tcHsSigType is tricky.  Consider (T11142)
  foo :: forall b. (forall k (a :: k). SameKind a b) -> ()
This is ill-kinded because of a nested skolem-escape.

That will show up as an un-solvable constraint in the implication
returned by buildTvImplication in tc_lhs_sig_type.  See Note [Skolem
escape prevention] in GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType for why it is unsolvable
(the unification variable for b's kind is untouchable).

Then, in GHC.Tc.Solver.simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints (called from tcHsSigType)
we'll try to float out the constraint, be unable to do so, and fail.
See GHC.Tc.Solver Note [Failure in local type signatures] for more
detail on this.

The separation between tcHsSigType and tc_lhs_sig_type is because
tcClassSigType wants to use the latter, but *not* fail fast, because
there are skolems from the class decl which are in scope; but it's fine
not to because tcClassDecl1 has a solveEqualities wrapped around all
the tcClassSigType calls.

That's why tcHsSigType does simplifyAndEmitFlatConstraints (which
fails fast) but tcClassSigType just does emitImplication (which does
not).  Ugh.

c.f. see also Note [Skolem escape and forall-types]. The difference
is that we don't need to simplify at a forall type, only at the
top level of a signature.
-}

-- Does validity checking and zonking.
tcStandaloneKindSig :: LStandaloneKindSig GhcRn -> TcM (Name, Kind)
tcStandaloneKindSig (L _ (StandaloneKindSig _ (L _ name) ksig))
  = addSigCtxt ctxt ksig $
    do { kind <- tc_top_lhs_type KindLevel ctxt ksig
       ; checkValidType ctxt kind
       ; return (name, kind) }
  where
   ctxt = StandaloneKindSigCtxt name

tcTopLHsType :: UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
tcTopLHsType ctxt lsig_ty
  = tc_top_lhs_type TypeLevel ctxt lsig_ty

tc_top_lhs_type :: TypeOrKind -> UserTypeCtxt -> LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM Type
-- tc_top_lhs_type is used for kind-checking top-level LHsSigTypes where
--   we want to fully solve /all/ equalities, and report errors
-- Does zonking, but not validity checking because it's used
--   for things (like deriving and instances) that aren't
--   ordinary types
-- Used for both types and kinds
tc_top_lhs_type tyki ctxt (L loc sig_ty@(HsSig { sig_bndrs = hs_outer_bndrs
                                               , sig_body = body }))
  = setSrcSpanA loc $
    do { traceTc "tc_top_lhs_type {" (ppr sig_ty)
       ; (tclvl, wanted, (outer_bndrs, ty))
              <- pushLevelAndSolveEqualitiesX "tc_top_lhs_type"    $
                 tcOuterTKBndrs skol_info hs_outer_bndrs $
                 do { kind <- newExpectedKind (expectedKindInCtxt ctxt)
                    ; tc_lhs_type (mkMode tyki) body kind }

       ; outer_tv_bndrs <- scopedSortOuter outer_bndrs
       ; let ty1 = mkInvisForAllTys outer_tv_bndrs ty

       ; kvs <- kindGeneralizeAll ty1  -- "All" because it's a top-level type
       ; reportUnsolvedEqualities skol_info kvs tclvl wanted

       ; ze       <- mkEmptyZonkEnv NoFlexi
       ; final_ty <- zonkTcTypeToTypeX ze (mkInfForAllTys kvs ty1)
       ; traceTc "tc_top_lhs_type }" (vcat [ppr sig_ty, ppr final_ty])
       ; return final_ty }
  where
    skol_info = SigTypeSkol ctxt

-----------------
tcHsDeriv :: LHsSigType GhcRn -> TcM ([TyVar], Class, [Type], [Kind])
-- Like tcHsSigType, but for the ...deriving( C t1 ty2 ) clause
-- Returns the C, [ty1, ty2, and the kinds of C's remaining arguments
-- E.g.    class C (a::*) (b::k->k)
--         data T a b = ... deriving( C Int )
--    returns ([k], C, [k, Int], [k->k])
-- Return values are fully zonked
tcHsDeriv hs_ty
  = do { ty <- checkNoErrs $  -- Avoid redundant error report
                              -- with "illegal deriving", below
               tcTopLHsType DerivClauseCtxt hs_ty
       ; let (tvs, pred)    = splitForAllTyCoVars ty
             (kind_args, _) = splitFunTys (tcTypeKind pred)
       ; case getClassPredTys_maybe pred of
           Just (cls, tys) -> return (tvs, cls, tys, map scaledThing kind_args)
           Nothing -> failWithTc $ TcRnUnknownMessage $ mkPlainError noHints $
             (text "Illegal deriving item" <+> quotes (ppr hs_ty)) }

-- | Typecheck a deriving strategy. For most deriving strategies, this is a
-- no-op, but for the @via@ strategy, this requires typechecking the @via@ type.
tcDerivStrategy ::
     Maybe (LDerivStrategy GhcRn)
     -- ^ The deriving strategy
  -> TcM (Maybe (LDerivStrategy GhcTc), [TyVar])
     -- ^ The typechecked deriving strategy and the tyvars that it binds
     -- (if using 'ViaStrategy').
tcDerivStrategy mb_lds
  = case mb_lds of
      Nothing -> boring_case Nothing
      Just (L loc ds) ->
        setSrcSpan loc $ do
          (ds', tvs) <- tc_deriv_strategy ds
          pure (Just (L loc ds'), tvs)
  where
    tc_deriv_strategy :: DerivStrategy GhcRn
                      -> TcM (DerivStrategy GhcTc, [TyVar])
    tc_deriv_strategy (StockStrategy    _)
                                     = boring_case (StockStrategy noExtField)
    tc_deriv_strategy (AnyclassStrategy _)
                                     = boring_case (AnyclassStrategy noExtField)
    tc_deriv_strategy (NewtypeStrategy  _)
                                     = boring_case (NewtypeStrategy noExtField)
    tc_deriv_strategy (ViaStrategy ty) = do
      ty' <- checkNoErrs $ tcTopLHsType DerivClauseCtxt ty
      let (via_tvs, via_pred) = splitForAllTyCoVars ty'
      pure (ViaStrategy via_pred, via_tvs)

    boring_case :: ds -> TcM (ds, [TyVar])
    boring_case ds = pure (ds, [])

tcHsClsInstType :: UserTypeCtxt    -- InstDeclCtxt or SpecInstCtxt
                -> LHsSigType GhcRn
                -> TcM Type
-- Like tcHsSigType, but for a class instance declaration
tcHsClsInstType user_ctxt hs_inst_ty
  = setSrcSpan (getLocA hs_inst_ty) $
    do { -- Fail eagerly if tcTopLHsType fails.  We are at top level so
         -- these constraints will never be solved later. And failing
         -- eagerly avoids follow-on errors when checkValidInstance
         -- sees an unsolved coercion hole
         inst_ty <- checkNoErrs $
                    tcTopLHsType user_ctxt hs_inst_ty
       ; checkValidInstance user_ctxt hs_inst_ty inst_ty
       ; return inst_ty }

----------------------------------------------
-- | Type-check a visible type application
tcHsTypeApp :: LHsWcType GhcRn -> Kind -> TcM Type
-- See Note [Recipe for checking a signature] in GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType
tcHsTypeApp wc_ty kind
  | HsWC { hswc_ext = sig_wcs, hswc_body = hs_ty } <- wc_ty
  = do { mode <- mkHoleMode TypeLevel HM_VTA
                 -- HM_VTA: See Note [Wildcards in visible type application]
       ; ty <- addTypeCtxt hs_ty                  $
               solveEqualities "tcHsTypeApp" $
               -- We are looking at a user-written type, very like a
               -- signature so we want to solve its equalities right now
               bindNamedWildCardBinders sig_wcs $ \ _ ->
               tc_lhs_type mode hs_ty kind

       -- We do not kind-generalize type applications: we just
       -- instantiate with exactly what the user says.
       -- See Note [No generalization in type application]
       -- We still must call kindGeneralizeNone, though, according
       -- to Note [Recipe for checking a signature]
       ; kindGeneralizeNone ty
       ; ty <- zonkTcType ty
       ; checkValidType TypeAppCtxt ty
       ; return ty }

{- Note [Wildcards in visible type application]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A HsWildCardBndrs's hswc_ext now only includes /named/ wildcards, so
any unnamed wildcards stay unchanged in hswc_body.  When called in
tcHsTypeApp, tcCheckLHsType will call emitAnonTypeHole
on these anonymous wildcards. However, this would trigger
error/warning when an anonymous wildcard is passed in as a visible type
argument, which we do not want because users should be able to write
@_ to skip a instantiating a type variable variable without fuss. The
solution is to switch the PartialTypeSignatures flags here to let the
typechecker know that it's checking a '@_' and do not emit hole
constraints on it.  See related Note [Wildcards in visible kind
application] and Note [The wildcard story for types] in GHC.Hs.Type

Ugh!

Note [No generalization in type application]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We do not kind-generalize type applications. Imagine

  id @(Proxy Nothing)

If we kind-generalized, we would get

  id @(forall {k}. Proxy @(Maybe k) (Nothing @k))

which is very sneakily impredicative instantiation.

There is also the possibility of mentioning a wildcard
(`id @(Proxy _)`), which definitely should not be kind-generalized.

-}

tcFamTyPats :: TyCon
            -> HsTyPats GhcRn                -- Patterns
            -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)          -- (lhs_type, lhs_kind)
-- Check the LHS of a type/data family instance
-- e.g.   type instance F ty1 .. tyn = ...
-- Used for both type and data families
tcFamTyPats fam_tc hs_pats
  = do { traceTc "tcFamTyPats {" $
         vcat [ ppr fam_tc, text "arity:" <+> ppr fam_arity ]

       ; mode <- mkHoleMode TypeLevel HM_FamPat
                 -- HM_FamPat: See Note [Wildcards in family instances] in
                 -- GHC.Rename.Module
       ; let fun_ty = mkTyConApp fam_tc []
       ; (fam_app, res_kind) <- tcInferTyApps mode lhs_fun fun_ty hs_pats

       -- Hack alert: see Note [tcFamTyPats: zonking the result kind]
       ; res_kind <- zonkTcType res_kind

       ; traceTc "End tcFamTyPats }" $
         vcat [ ppr fam_tc, text "res_kind:" <+> ppr res_kind ]

       ; return (fam_app, res_kind) }
  where
    fam_name  = tyConName fam_tc
    fam_arity = tyConArity fam_tc
    lhs_fun   = noLocA (HsTyVar noAnn NotPromoted (noLocA fam_name))

{- Note [tcFamTyPats: zonking the result kind]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider (#19250)
    F :: forall k. k -> k
    type instance F (x :: Constraint) = ()

The tricky point is this:
  is that () an empty type tuple (() :: Type), or
  an empty constraint tuple (() :: Constraint)?
We work this out in a hacky way, by looking at the expected kind:
see Note [Inferring tuple kinds].

In this case, we kind-check the RHS using the kind gotten from the LHS:
see the call to tcCheckLHsType in tcTyFamInstEqnGuts in GHC.Tc.Tycl.

But we want the kind from the LHS to be /zonked/, so that when
kind-checking the RHS (tcCheckLHsType) we can "see" what we learned
from kind-checking the LHS (tcFamTyPats).  In our example above, the
type of the LHS is just `kappa` (by instantiating the forall k), but
then we learn (from x::Constraint) that kappa ~ Constraint.  We want
that info when kind-checking the RHS.

Easy solution: just zonk that return kind.  Of course this won't help
if there is lots of type-family reduction to do, but it works fine in
common cases.
-}


{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
            The main kind checker: no validity checks here
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

---------------------------
tcHsOpenType, tcHsLiftedType,
  tcHsOpenTypeNC, tcHsLiftedTypeNC :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM TcType
-- Used for type signatures
-- Do not do validity checking
tcHsOpenType   hs_ty = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $ tcHsOpenTypeNC hs_ty
tcHsLiftedType hs_ty = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $ tcHsLiftedTypeNC hs_ty

tcHsOpenTypeNC   hs_ty = do { ek <- newOpenTypeKind; tcLHsType hs_ty ek }
tcHsLiftedTypeNC hs_ty = tcLHsType hs_ty liftedTypeKind

-- Like tcHsType, but takes an expected kind
tcCheckLHsType :: LHsType GhcRn -> ContextKind -> TcM TcType
tcCheckLHsType hs_ty exp_kind
  = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $
    do { ek <- newExpectedKind exp_kind
       ; tcLHsType hs_ty ek }

tcInferLHsType :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM TcType
tcInferLHsType hs_ty
  = do { (ty,_kind) <- tcInferLHsTypeKind hs_ty
       ; return ty }

tcInferLHsTypeKind :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
-- Called from outside: set the context
-- Eagerly instantiate any trailing invisible binders
tcInferLHsTypeKind lhs_ty@(L loc hs_ty)
  = addTypeCtxt lhs_ty $
    setSrcSpanA loc    $  -- Cover the tcInstInvisibleTyBinders
    do { (res_ty, res_kind) <- tc_infer_hs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty
       ; tcInstInvisibleTyBinders res_ty res_kind }
  -- See Note [Do not always instantiate eagerly in types]

-- Used to check the argument of GHCi :kind
-- Allow and report wildcards, e.g. :kind T _
-- Do not saturate family applications: see Note [Dealing with :kind]
-- Does not instantiate eagerly; See Note [Do not always instantiate eagerly in types]
tcInferLHsTypeUnsaturated :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
tcInferLHsTypeUnsaturated hs_ty
  = addTypeCtxt hs_ty $
    do { mode <- mkHoleMode TypeLevel HM_Sig  -- Allow and report holes
       ; case splitHsAppTys (unLoc hs_ty) of
           Just (hs_fun_ty, hs_args)
              -> do { (fun_ty, _ki) <- tcInferTyAppHead mode hs_fun_ty
                    ; tcInferTyApps_nosat mode hs_fun_ty fun_ty hs_args }
                      -- Notice the 'nosat'; do not instantiate trailing
                      -- invisible arguments of a type family.
                      -- See Note [Dealing with :kind]
           Nothing -> tc_infer_lhs_type mode hs_ty }

{- Note [Dealing with :kind]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider this GHCi command
  ghci> type family F :: Either j k
  ghci> :kind F
  F :: forall {j,k}. Either j k

We will only get the 'forall' if we /refrain/ from saturating those
invisible binders. But generally we /do/ saturate those invisible
binders (see tcInferTyApps), and we want to do so for nested application
even in GHCi.  Consider for example (#16287)
  ghci> type family F :: k
  ghci> data T :: (forall k. k) -> Type
  ghci> :kind T F
We want to reject this. It's just at the very top level that we want
to switch off saturation.

So tcInferLHsTypeUnsaturated does a little special case for top level
applications.  Actually the common case is a bare variable, as above.

Note [Do not always instantiate eagerly in types]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Terms are eagerly instantiated. This means that if you say

  x = id

then `id` gets instantiated to have type alpha -> alpha. The variable
alpha is then unconstrained and regeneralized. But we cannot do this
in types, as we have no type-level lambda. So, when we are sure
that we will not want to regeneralize later -- because we are done
checking a type, for example -- we can instantiate. But we do not
instantiate at variables, nor do we in tcInferLHsTypeUnsaturated,
which is used by :kind in GHCi.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
      Type-checking modes
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

The kind-checker is parameterised by a TcTyMode, which contains some
information about where we're checking a type.

The renamer issues errors about what it can. All errors issued here must
concern things that the renamer can't handle.

-}

tcMult :: HsArrow GhcRn -> TcM Mult
tcMult hc = tc_mult typeLevelMode hc

-- | Info about the context in which we're checking a type. Currently,
-- differentiates only between types and kinds, but this will likely
-- grow, at least to include the distinction between patterns and
-- not-patterns.
--
-- To find out where the mode is used, search for 'mode_tyki'
--
-- This data type is purely local, not exported from this module
data TcTyMode
  = TcTyMode { mode_tyki :: TypeOrKind
             , mode_holes :: HoleInfo   }

-- See Note [Levels for wildcards]
-- Nothing <=> no wildcards expected
type HoleInfo = Maybe (TcLevel, HoleMode)

-- HoleMode says how to treat the occurrences
-- of anonymous wildcards; see tcAnonWildCardOcc
data HoleMode = HM_Sig      -- Partial type signatures: f :: _ -> Int
              | HM_FamPat   -- Family instances: F _ Int = Bool
              | HM_VTA      -- Visible type and kind application:
                            --   f @(Maybe _)
                            --   Maybe @(_ -> _)
              | HM_TyAppPat -- Visible type applications in patterns:
                            --   foo (Con @_ @t x) = ...
                            --   case x of Con @_ @t v -> ...

mkMode :: TypeOrKind -> TcTyMode
mkMode tyki = TcTyMode { mode_tyki = tyki, mode_holes = Nothing }

typeLevelMode, kindLevelMode :: TcTyMode
-- These modes expect no wildcards (holes) in the type
kindLevelMode = mkMode KindLevel
typeLevelMode = mkMode TypeLevel

mkHoleMode :: TypeOrKind -> HoleMode -> TcM TcTyMode
mkHoleMode tyki hm
  = do { lvl <- getTcLevel
       ; return (TcTyMode { mode_tyki  = tyki
                          , mode_holes = Just (lvl,hm) }) }

instance Outputable HoleMode where
  ppr HM_Sig      = text "HM_Sig"
  ppr HM_FamPat   = text "HM_FamPat"
  ppr HM_VTA      = text "HM_VTA"
  ppr HM_TyAppPat = text "HM_TyAppPat"

instance Outputable TcTyMode where
  ppr (TcTyMode { mode_tyki = tyki, mode_holes = hm })
    = text "TcTyMode" <+> braces (sep [ ppr tyki <> comma
                                      , ppr hm ])

{-
Note [Bidirectional type checking]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In expressions, whenever we see a polymorphic identifier, say `id`, we are
free to instantiate it with metavariables, knowing that we can always
re-generalize with type-lambdas when necessary. For example:

  rank2 :: (forall a. a -> a) -> ()
  x = rank2 id

When checking the body of `x`, we can instantiate `id` with a metavariable.
Then, when we're checking the application of `rank2`, we notice that we really
need a polymorphic `id`, and then re-generalize over the unconstrained
metavariable.

In types, however, we're not so lucky, because *we cannot re-generalize*!
There is no lambda. So, we must be careful only to instantiate at the last
possible moment, when we're sure we're never going to want the lost polymorphism
again. This is done in calls to tcInstInvisibleTyBinders.

To implement this behavior, we use bidirectional type checking, where we
explicitly think about whether we know the kind of the type we're checking
or not. Note that there is a difference between not knowing a kind and
knowing a metavariable kind: the metavariables are TauTvs, and cannot become
forall-quantified kinds. Previously (before dependent types), there were
no higher-rank kinds, and so we could instantiate early and be sure that
no types would have polymorphic kinds, and so we could always assume that
the kind of a type was a fresh metavariable. Not so anymore, thus the
need for two algorithms.

For HsType forms that can never be kind-polymorphic, we implement only the
"down" direction, where we safely assume a metavariable kind. For HsType forms
that *can* be kind-polymorphic, we implement just the "up" (functions with
"infer" in their name) version, as we gain nothing by also implementing the
"down" version.

Note [Future-proofing the type checker]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As discussed in Note [Bidirectional type checking], each HsType form is
handled in *either* tc_infer_hs_type *or* tc_hs_type. These functions
are mutually recursive, so that either one can work for any type former.
But, we want to make sure that our pattern-matches are complete. So,
we have a bunch of repetitive code just so that we get warnings if we're
missing any patterns.

-}

------------------------------------------
-- | Check and desugar a type, returning the core type and its
-- possibly-polymorphic kind. Much like 'tcInferRho' at the expression
-- level.
tc_infer_lhs_type :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)
tc_infer_lhs_type mode (L span ty)
  = setSrcSpanA span $
    tc_infer_hs_type mode ty

---------------------------
-- | Call 'tc_infer_hs_type' and check its result against an expected kind.
tc_infer_hs_type_ek :: HasDebugCallStack => TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
tc_infer_hs_type_ek mode hs_ty ek
  = do { (ty, k) <- tc_infer_hs_type mode hs_ty
       ; checkExpectedKind hs_ty ty k ek }

---------------------------
-- | Infer the kind of a type and desugar. This is the "up" type-checker,
-- as described in Note [Bidirectional type checking]
tc_infer_hs_type :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcM (TcType, TcKind)

tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsParTy _ t)
  = tc_infer_lhs_type mode t

tc_infer_hs_type mode ty
  | Just (hs_fun_ty, hs_args) <- splitHsAppTys ty
  = do { (fun_ty, _ki) <- tcInferTyAppHead mode hs_fun_ty
       ; tcInferTyApps mode hs_fun_ty fun_ty hs_args }

tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsKindSig _ ty sig)
  = do { let mode' = mode { mode_tyki = KindLevel }
       ; sig' <- tc_lhs_kind_sig mode' KindSigCtxt sig
                 -- We must typecheck the kind signature, and solve all
                 -- its equalities etc; from this point on we may do
                 -- things like instantiate its foralls, so it needs
                 -- to be fully determined (#14904)
       ; traceTc "tc_infer_hs_type:sig" (ppr ty $$ ppr sig')
       ; ty' <- tc_lhs_type mode ty sig'
       ; return (ty', sig') }

-- HsSpliced is an annotation produced by 'GHC.Rename.Splice.rnSpliceType' to communicate
-- the splice location to the typechecker. Here we skip over it in order to have
-- the same kind inferred for a given expression whether it was produced from
-- splices or not.
--
-- See Note [Delaying modFinalizers in untyped splices].
tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsSpliceTy _ (HsSpliced _ _ (HsSplicedTy ty)))
  = tc_infer_hs_type mode ty

tc_infer_hs_type mode (HsDocTy _ ty _) = tc_infer_lhs_type mode ty

-- See Note [Typechecking HsCoreTys]
tc_infer_hs_type _ (XHsType ty)
  = do env <- getLclEnv
       -- Raw uniques since we go from NameEnv to TvSubstEnv.
       let subst_prs :: [(Unique, TcTyVar)]
           subst_prs = [ (getUnique nm, tv)
                       | ATyVar nm tv <- nonDetNameEnvElts (tcl_env env) ]
           subst = mkTvSubst
                     (mkInScopeSet $ mkVarSet $ map snd subst_prs)
                     (listToUFM_Directly $ map (liftSnd mkTyVarTy) subst_prs)
           ty' = substTy subst ty
       return (ty', tcTypeKind ty')

tc_infer_hs_type _ (HsExplicitListTy _ _ tys)
  | null tys  -- this is so that we can use visible kind application with '[]
              -- e.g ... '[] @Bool
  = return (mkTyConTy promotedNilDataCon,
            mkSpecForAllTys [alphaTyVar] $ mkListTy alphaTy)

tc_infer_hs_type mode other_ty
  = do { kv <- newMetaKindVar
       ; ty' <- tc_hs_type mode other_ty kv
       ; return (ty', kv) }

{-
Note [Typechecking HsCoreTys]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
HsCoreTy is an escape hatch that allows embedding Core Types in HsTypes.
As such, there's not much to be done in order to typecheck an HsCoreTy,
since it's already been typechecked to some extent. There is one thing that
we must do, however: we must substitute the type variables from the tcl_env.
To see why, consider GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving, which is one of the main
clients of HsCoreTy (example adapted from #14579):

  newtype T a = MkT a deriving newtype Eq

This will produce an InstInfo GhcPs that looks roughly like this:

  instance forall a_1. Eq a_1 => Eq (T a_1) where
    (==) = coerce @(  a_1 ->   a_1 -> Bool) -- The type within @(...) is an HsCoreTy
                  @(T a_1 -> T a_1 -> Bool) -- So is this
                  (==)

This is then fed into the renamer. Since all of the type variables in this
InstInfo use Exact RdrNames, the resulting InstInfo GhcRn looks basically
identical. Things get more interesting when the InstInfo is fed into the
typechecker, however. GHC will first generate fresh skolems to instantiate
the instance-bound type variables with. In the example above, we might generate
the skolem a_2 and use that to instantiate a_1, which extends the local type
environment (tcl_env) with [a_1 :-> a_2]. This gives us:

  instance forall a_2. Eq a_2 => Eq (T a_2) where ...

To ensure that the body of this instance is well scoped, every occurrence of
the `a` type variable should refer to a_2, the new skolem. However, the
HsCoreTys mention a_1, not a_2. Luckily, the tcl_env provides exactly the
substitution we need ([a_1 :-> a_2]) to fix up the scoping. We apply this
substitution to each HsCoreTy and all is well:

  instance forall a_2. Eq a_2 => Eq (T a_2) where
    (==) = coerce @(  a_2 ->   a_2 -> Bool)
                  @(T a_2 -> T a_2 -> Bool)
                  (==)
-}

------------------------------------------
tcLHsType :: LHsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
tcLHsType hs_ty exp_kind
  = tc_lhs_type typeLevelMode hs_ty exp_kind

tc_lhs_type :: TcTyMode -> LHsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
tc_lhs_type mode (L span ty) exp_kind
  = setSrcSpanA span $
    tc_hs_type mode ty exp_kind

tc_hs_type :: TcTyMode -> HsType GhcRn -> TcKind -> TcM TcType
-- See Note [Bidirectional type checking]

tc_hs_type mode (HsParTy _ ty)   exp_kind = tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
tc_hs_type mode (HsDocTy _ ty _) exp_kind = tc_lhs_type mode ty exp_kind
tc_hs_type _ ty@(HsBangTy _ bang _) _
    -- While top-level bangs at this point are eliminated (eg !(Maybe Int)),
    -- other kinds of bangs are not (eg ((!Maybe) Int)). These kinds of