I've added detailed comments with
  Note [Decomposing the left-hand side of a RULE]

The result is a noticeable improvement.  Previously

 * we rejected a perfectly decent SPECIALISE (Trac #8848)

 * and for something like
      f :: (Eq a) => b -> a -> a
      {-# SPECIALISE f :: b -> [Int] -> [Int] #-}
   we ended up with
      RULE  f ($fdEqList $dfEqInt) = f_spec
   whereas we wanted
      RULES forall (d:Eq [Int]). f d = f_spec