This patch introduces (phony) build targets of the form

    (1) stage<N>:<lib>:<name>   (e.g: stage1:lib:Cabal)
    (2) stage<N>:<exe>:<name>   (e.g: stage2:exe:ghc-bin)

where (1) builds the given library with the stage N compiler and (2)
builds the given executable with the stage N-1 compiler. This patch may
be generating too many such targets but it's a first stab that we can
refine.

This fixes #15949.

Test Plan: hadrian/build.sh stage1:exe:ghc-bin

Reviewers: bgamari, snowleopard

Reviewed By: bgamari

Subscribers: rwbarton, carter

GHC Trac Issues: #15949

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D5434