The refactoring here is driven by the ghastly mess described in
comment:24 of Trac #1520.  The overall goal is to simplify the
kind-checking of typev-variable binders, and in particular to narrow
the use of the "in-scope tyvar binder" stuff,
which is needed only for associated types: see the new
Note [Kind-checking tyvar binders for associated types] in TcHsType.

Now

* The "in-scope tyvar binder" stuff is done only in
     - kcLHsQTyVars, which is used for the LHsQTyVars of a
       data/newtype, or type family declaration.

     - tcFamTyPats, which is used for associated family instances;
       it now calls tcImplicitQTKBndrs, which in turn usese
       newFlexiKindedQTyVar

* tcExpicitTKBndrs (which is used only for function signatures,
  data con signatures, pattern synonym signatures, and expression
  type signatures) now does not go via the "in-scope tyvar binder"
  stuff at all.

While I'm still not happy with all this code, the code is generally
simpler, and I think this is a useful step forward. It does cure
the problem too.

(It's hard to trigger the problem in vanilla Haskell code, because
the renamer would normally use different names for nested binders,
so I can't offer a test.)