Summary:
Addresses point (1) of https://phabricator.haskell.org/D3337#107865.

Before, `inferConstraints` awkwardly combined all of the logic needed to handle
stock, newtype, and anyclass deriving. Really, though, the stock/newtype logic
is quite different from the anyclass logic, so this splits off
`inferConstraintsDataConArgs` (so named because it infers constraints by
inspecting the types of the arguments to data constructors) from
`inferConstraints` to handle the stock/newtype-specific bits.

Aside from making the code somewhat clearer, this allows us to factor out
superclass constraint inference, which is done regardless of deriving strategy.

Test Plan: If it builds, ship it

Reviewers: bgamari, austin

Subscribers: rwbarton, thomie

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D3827