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overloaded lists

Overloaded list notation

This wiki page documents the design and implementation of the GHC extension for overloading Haskell's list notation (added in GHC 7.8).

Current Implementation

Let us briefly recap the notation for constructing lists. In Haskell, the list notation can be be used in the following seven ways:

[]          -- Empty list
[x]         -- x : []
[x,y,z]     -- x : y : z : []
[x .. ]     -- enumFrom x
[x,y ..]    -- enumFromThen x y
[x .. y]    -- enumFromTo x y
[x,y .. z]  -- enumFromThenTo x y z

When the OverloadedLists extension is turned on, the aforementioned seven notations are desugared as follows:

[]          -- fromListN 0 []
[x]         -- fromListN 1 (x : [])
[x,y,z]     -- fromListN 3 (x : y : z : [])
[x .. ]     -- fromList (enumFrom x)
[x,y ..]    -- fromList (enumFromThen x y)
[x .. y]    -- fromList (enumFromTo x y)
[x,y .. z]  -- fromList (enumFromThenTo x y z)

This extension allows programmers to use the list notation for construction of structures like: Set, Map, IntMap, Vector, Text and Array. The following code listing gives a few examples:

['0' .. '9']             :: Set Char
[1 .. 10]                :: Vector Int
[("default",0), (k1,v1)] :: Map String Int
['a' .. 'z']             :: Text

List patterns are also overloaded. When the OverloadedLists extension is turned on, the definitions

f [] = ...
g [x,y,z] = ...

will be treated as

f (toList -> []) = ...
g (toList -> [x,y,z]) = ...

GHC, during the typechecking and desugaring phases, uses whatever is in scope with the names of fromList, toList and fromListN (i.e., fromList, toList and fromListN are rebindable).

That said, the GHC.Exts module exports the IsList class that can be used to overload fromListN and fromListN for different structures. The type class is defined as follows:

class IsList l where
  type Item l
  fromList  :: [Item l] -> l
  toList    :: l -> [Item l]

  fromListN :: Int -> [Item l] -> l
  fromListN _ = fromList

The IsList class and its methods are intended to be used in conjunction with the OverloadedLists extension. The Item type function returns the type of items of the structure l. The fromList function constructs the structure l from the given list of Item l. The fromListN function takes the input list's length as a hint. Its behaviour should be equivalent to fromList. The hint can be used for more efficient construction of the structure l compared to fromList. If the given hint is not equal to the input list's length the behaviour of fromListN is not specified.

The instances of the IsList class should satisfy the following property:

fromList . toList = id

In the following, we give several example instances of the IsList type class:

instance IsList [a] where
  type Item [a] = a
  fromList = id
  toList   = id

instance (Ord a) => IsList (Set a) where
  type Item (Set a) = a
  fromList = Set.fromList
  toList   = Set.toList

instance (Ord k) => IsList (Map k v) where
  type Item (Map k v) = (k,v)
  fromList = Map.fromList
  toList   = Map.toList

instance IsList (IntMap v) where
  type Item (IntMap v) = (Int,v)
  fromList = IntMap.fromList
  toList   = IntMap.toList

instance IsList Text where
  type Item Text = Char
  fromList = Text.pack
  toList   = Text.unpack

instance IsList (Vector a) where
  type Item (Vector a) = a
  fromList  = Vector.fromList
  toList    = Vector.toList
  fromListN = Vector.fromListN

Further GHC improvements/extensions that may benefit OverloadedLists

Defaulting

Currently, the IsList class is not accompanied with defaulting rules. Although feasible, not much thought has gone into how to specify the meaning of the default declarations like: default ([a])

Literal Lists

The current implementation of the OverloadedLists extension can be improved by handling the lists that are only populated with literals in a special way. More specifically, the compiler could allocate such lists statically using a compact representation and allow IsList instances to take advantage of the compact representation. Equipped with this capability the OverloadedLists extension will be in a good position to subsume the OverloadedStrings extension (currently, as a special case, string literals benefit from statically allocated compact representation).

Somewhat related discussions:

https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/issues/5218
http://www.serpentine.com/blog/2012/09/12/the-case-of-the-mysterious-explosion-in-space/
http://www.mail-archive.com/haskell-cafe@haskell.org/msg101412.html

Heterogeneous Lists

The OverloadedLists extension as, implemented above, would not be able to be used on heterogeneous lists, for example, as implemented below:

data HList :: [*] -> * where
    HNil :: HList '[]
    HCons :: a -> HList xs -> HList (a ': xs)

This is a bit disappointing. However, I'm not really sure how you could make this extension support this use case, even if you added some hacks to the IsList class.

Length-{indexed,observed} Vectors

The current extension can't be used to represent list literals for length-indexed vectors as e.g.

-- (alternatively, GHC.TypeLits.Nat)
data Nat = Ze | Su Nat

data Vec :: * -> Nat -> * where
  Nil  :: Vec a Ze
  Cons :: a -> Vec a n -> Vec a (Su n)

as the length-information is not provided in a suitable way.