Previously, we kind-checked associated types while while still
figuring out the kind of a CUSK class. This caused trouble, as
documented in Note [Don't process associated types in kcLHsQTyVars]
in TcTyClsDecls. This commit moves this process after the initial
kind of the class is determined.

Fixes #15142.

Test case: indexed-types/should_compile/T15142.hs