base: Fix #25066

As noted in #25066, the exception backtrace proposal introduced a rather
subtle performance regression due to simplification producing Core which
the demand analyser concludes may diverge with a precise exception. The
nature of the problem is more completely described in the new Note
[Hiding precise exception signature in throw].

The (rather hacky) solution we use here hides the problematic
optimisation through judicious use of `noinline`. Ultimately however we
will want a more principled solution (e.g. #23847).

Fixes #255066

CLC proposal: https://github.com/haskell/core-libraries-committee/issues/290

Metric Decrease:
    T9872d

(cherry picked from commit eb7ddae1)