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libraries/Makefile

+# Makefile for the Haskell Library Report
+# read the README file before you start!
+#
+
+# Begin by saying
+#	touch library.idx
+
+default: library.ps html
+
+
+#########################################
+#	Tools you need
+#########################################
+
+# Stuf from the tools/directory
+RUN_TEX   = ../tools/run_tex
+RUN_INDEX = ../tools/run_index
+VERBATIM  = ../tools/verbatim
+
+# splitAndIndexPgm won't work unless you have "perl"
+SPLITPGM = perl ../tools/splitAndIndexPgm
+
+CC    = gcc
+RM    = rm -f
+LATEX = latex
+MAKEINDEX = makeindex
+
+# 'expand' expands tabs to spaces
+# On my machine the windows program (which does something
+# quite different) shadows it.  Sigh.
+EXPAND = expand
+
+
+#########################################
+#	Files
+#########################################
+
+# I've been having problems with that damn NT messing up filenames in the html
+# generator so I'm changing the .verb files to lower case  -- jcp
+
+PARTS =		library.tex introduction.tex ratio.tex complex.tex ix.tex \
+                numeric.tex \
+                array.tex io.tex char.tex monad.tex list.tex \
+                system.tex directory.tex \
+                maybe.tex time.tex cputime.tex random.tex \
+		locale.tex 
+
+CODE =		code/Ratio.tex code/Complex.tex code/Ix.tex \
+                code/Numeric.tex \
+                code/Array.tex code/Char.tex code/List.tex \
+                code/Monad.tex code/Maybe.tex code/IO.tex \
+		code/Time.tex code/Locale.tex
+
+CODEV =		code/Ratio.verb code/Complex.verb code/Ix.verb \
+                code/Numeric.verb \
+                code/Array.verb code/Char.verb code/List.verb \
+                code/Monad.verb code/Maybe.verb code/IO.verb code/Bit.verb \
+		code/Time.verb code/Locale.verb
+
+HEADERS =	headers/Ratio.tex headers/Complex.tex headers/Ix.tex \
+                headers/Numeric.tex \
+                headers/Array.tex headers/IO.tex headers/Char.tex \
+		headers/List.tex headers/List1.tex \
+                headers/Monad.tex headers/System.tex headers/Directory.tex \
+                headers/Maybe.tex headers/IO1.tex headers/Random.tex \
+		headers/Time.tex headers/Time1.tex headers/CPUTime.tex \
+		headers/Locale.tex 
+
+HEADERSV =	headers/Ratio.verb headers/Complex.verb headers/Ix.verb \
+                headers/Numeric.verb \
+                headers/Array.verb headers/IO.verb headers/Char.verb \
+		headers/List.verb headers/List1.verb \
+                headers/Monad.verb headers/System.verb headers/Directory.verb \
+                headers/Maybe.verb headers/IO1.verb headers/Random.verb \
+		headers/Time.verb headers/CPUTime.verb \
+		headers/Locale.verb 
+
+# The normally formatted report -- 2 sided, one-up
+library.dvi: library.ind ${PARTS} ${CODE} ${HEADERS} index-intro.tex
+
+html: index.html ${PARTS} ${SYNTAX} ${PRELUDE}
+	-mkdir haskell98-library-html
+	$(RUN_TEX)
+	$(RUN_TEX)
+	cp *.gif index.html haskell98-library-html
+
+# remove this rule if you don't have "makeindex"
+library.ind: library.idx
+	makeindex -i -t library.ilg < library.idx > library.ind
+
+veryclean: clean
+	$(RM) *~ code/*~ headers/*~
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) *.dvi *.log *.aux *.ilg *.blg *.toc haskell.tex \
+		$(PARTS) $(CODE) $(HEADERS) \
+		library.ps library.pdf haskell98-library-html/*
+	cp library.ind library.ind.two-sided 
+	echo "Don't delete the Prelude*.tex files"
+	echo "Not everyone has \"perl\" to re-make them"
+
+
+# Stuff to make the "two-up" version for SIGPLAN Notices:
+# We take the A4 pages and double them up onto (virtual) A3 pages:
+# (two A5 pages make one A4 page; two A4 pages make one A3 page; ...)
+#
+#	% dvidvi '2:0,1(210mm,0)' haskell.dvi > haskell-2up.dvi
+#
+# We now print the "A3" pages in landscape, but "magnify" them by
+# 1 / sqrt(2) ~ 0.7071; this should make our "A4" pages print in an
+# A4 space: presto! 2up printing!
+# (except that I've tried to make it give us 1" margins all round
+#  when we print on US 8.5"x11" paper)
+#
+#	% dvips -t landscape -x 707 haskell-2up.dvi > haskell-2up.ps
+#
+# if your "dvips" is set up properly, it will run Metafont for you,
+# creating just-right magnifications for all the fonts.
+#
+# print with: lpr -Pmy-laserwriter haskell-2up.ps
+
+# These rules keep failing for me (segmentation fault on haskell-2up.dvi)
+# The output seems fine, though, and the individual commands work
+# perfectly(!).  More network wierdness?  KH
+
+
+verbs:  $(CODEV) $(HEADERSV)
+
+library.ps : library.dvi
+	dvips library.dvi -o library.ps
+
+
+publish: library.ps html
+	gzip < library.ps > y:Haskell/haskell98-library/library.ps.gz
+	cp haskell98-library-html/* y:Haskell/haskell98-library
+	tar cvf - haskell98-library-html | gzip > y:Haskell/haskell98-library/haskell98-library-html.tar.gz
+
+publish-pdf: library.pdf
+	gzip < library.pdf > y:Haskell/haskell98-library/library.pdf.gz
+
+
+#########################################
+#	Suffix rules
+#########################################
+
+.SUFFIXES:	.hs .verb .tex .dvi
+
+.verb.tex:
+	expand < $< | $(VERBATIM) >$@
+
+.hs.verb:
+	expand < $< | $(SPLITPGM) >$@
+
+.hs.tex:
+	expand < $< | $(SPLITPGM) | $(VERBATIM) >$@
+
+.tex.dvi:
+	$(LATEX) $<
+

libraries/README

+
+This is the Haskell 98 library report, source distribution.  
+
+This has all files needed to generate either the postscript or the
+html version of the Haskell library report.  Some of these files are
+generated from others - these are marked with a (*) and are included in
+case the tool used to generate the file is unavailable.
+
+To generate the postscript library report you need lex, perl, latex,
+makeindex, and dvips.
+
+To generate the html library report you need Hugs 1.4 (probably any Haskell
+1.4 compiler will do).
+
+
+Source files: 
+  library.verb  -- Top level of the library report
+  introduction.verb
+  ratio.verb
+  complex.verb
+  numeric.verb
+  ix.verb
+  array.verb
+  list.verb
+  maybe.verb
+  char.verb
+  monad.verb
+  io.verb
+  directory.verb
+  system.verb
+  time.verb
+  locale.verb
+  cputime.verb
+  random.verb
+  index-intro.verb
+
+Haskell files:
+code/*.hs         -- executable versions of most libraries (IO incomplete),
+                  -- CPUTime, Random, Directory not included
+headers/*.hs      -- Lists all exported names from each library
+
+Tex generated files:
+  library.dvi (*) -- to make a .ps from
+  library.idx (*)
+  library.ind (*
+  library.aux (*) -- The aux file generated by latex; used by html translator
+
+Html support:
+
+tex.hs             -- Program to generate html from verb / hs
+html.config        -- configuration file for tex.hs.
+index.html         -- Html top level
+title.gif          -- title graphic 
+
+Other files:
+
+Makefile         -- Lots of extra cruft no longer used. 
+verbatim.lex     -- lex program to expand .verb into .tex
+splitAndIndexPgm -- perl script to convert .hs to .verb
+splitAndIndexPgm.kh -- an old perl script to convert .hs to .verb
+library.dvi (*)  -- in case you just want to run dvips
+library.ind (*)  -- is case you don't have makeindex 
+library.idx (*)  -- makes building easier
+
+
+To build the .dvi you need to patch the makefile to call the proper
+version of perl.  You will have some `non-grokked' instances in the
+perl.  Remember that you have to run latex twice.  If anyone converts
+the perl program to perl5 please send it to us!  Also, the indexing misses
+a few definitions.
+
+Report any problems to peterson-john@cs.yale.edu
+
+Building the HTML files
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Build the html by creating a `html' subdirectory, copy the .html and
+.gif files to it, and run tex.hs twice (like tex - to get forward refs
+right).  
+
+Build the html by creating a `html' subdirectory, copy the .html and
+.gif files to it, and run tex.hs twice (like tex - to get forward refs
+right).  Run index.hs to generate the function index.  You're done.
+The 'make html' does most of this.
+
+There is one file you need to work on:
+
+	report/html.config
+
+Edit the title in the headers and footers. 
+You can hack in whatever html you want for page headers and
+footers .  You can also hack on the output directory setting (htmldir)
+to direct the output wherever you want.  You'll have to fiddle
+"index.hs" if you do this, though.  You can also add the line
+
+	style = microsoftsymbols,article
+
+This exploits the symbol font that microsoft uses in its browser.
+Much nicer for some of the equations.  Probably a good idea since most
+browsers handle the symbol font OK nowadays.
+
+As to the building process:
+
+To build the html library report: (using the .aux file and all the .verb files) 
+
+cd <library directory>
+runhugs tex.hs
+runhugs tex.hs
+
+Like latex, you have to run tex.hs twice.  Unless you make massive
+changes, though, you can probably just do it once.  I'm sure ghc will
+compile tex.hs if you want to speed things up. 
+
+Note there is no index.hs here.
+
+
+

libraries/array.verb

+%**<title>The Haskell 98 Library Report: Arrays</title>
+%**~header
+\section{Arrays}
+\label{arrays}
+\index{array}
+
+\outline{
+\inputHS{headers/Array}
+}
+
+\Haskell{} provides indexable {\em arrays}, which may be thought of as
+functions whose domains are isomorphic to contiguous subsets of the
+integers.
+Functions restricted in this way can be
+implemented efficiently; in particular, a programmer may
+reasonably expect rapid access to the components.  To ensure
+the possibility of such an implementation, arrays are treated as data, not as
+general functions.
+
+Since most array functions involve the class @Ix@, this module is
+exported from @Array@ so that modules need not import both @Array@ and
+@Ix@. 
+
+\subsection{Array Construction}
+If @a@ is an index type and @b@ is any type, the type of arrays with
+indices in @a@ and elements in @b@ is written @Array a b@.\indextycon{Array}
+An array may be created by the function @array@\indextt{array}.
+The first argument of @array@ is a pair of {\em bounds}, each of the
+index type of the array.  These bounds are the lowest and
+highest indices in the array, in that order.  For example, a
+one-origin vector of length @10@ has bounds @(1,10)@, and a one-origin @10@
+by @10@ matrix has bounds @((1,1),(10,10))@.
+
+The second argument of @array@ is a list of {\em associations}
+of the form ($index$,~$value$).  Typically, this list will
+be expressed as a comprehension.  An association @(i, x)@ defines the
+value of the array at index @i@ to be @x@.  The array is undefined (i.e.~$\bot$) if
+any index in the list is out of bounds.  If any two associations in the
+list have the same index, the value at that index is undefined (i.e.~$\bot$).
+Because the indices must be checked for these errors, @array@ is
+strict in the bounds argument and in the indices of the association list,
+but nonstrict in the values.  Thus, recurrences such as the following are
+possible:
+\bprog
+@
+a = array (1,100) ((1,1) : [(i, i * a!(i-1)) | i <- [2..100]])
+@
+\eprog
+Not every index within the bounds of the array need
+appear in the association list, but the values associated with indices
+that do not appear will be undefined.
+Figure~\ref{array-examples} shows some examples that use the
+@array@ constructor.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\outline{
+@
+-- Scaling an array of numbers by a given number:
+scale :: (Num a, Ix b) => a -> Array b a -> Array b a
+scale x a = array b [(i, a!i * x) | i <- range b]
+	    where b = bounds a
+
+-- Inverting an array that holds a permutation of its indices
+invPerm :: (Ix a) => Array a a -> Array a a
+invPerm a = array b [(a!i, i) | i <- range b]
+	    where b = bounds a
+
+-- The inner product of two vectors
+inner :: (Ix a, Num b) => Array a b -> Array a b -> b
+inner v w = if b == bounds w
+		then sum [v!i * w!i | i <- range b]
+		else error "inconformable arrays for inner product"
+	    where b = bounds v
+@
+}
+\ecaption{Array examples}
+\label{array-examples}
+\end{figure}
+
+The @(!)@\index{!@@{\tt {\char'041}}} operator denotes array subscripting.
+% array subscripting -- if the index lies outside the bounds of the
+% array, the result is undefined.  
+The @bounds@\indextt{bounds} function
+applied to an array returns its bounds.
+The functions @indices@\indextt{indices}, @elems@\indextt{elems}, and
+@assocs@,\indextt{assocs} when applied to an array, return lists of
+the indices, elements, or associations, respectively, in index order.
+An array may be constructed from a pair of bounds and a list
+of values in index order using the function @listArray@\indextt{listArray}.
+
+If, in any dimension, the lower bound is greater than the upper bound,
+then the array is legal, but empty.  Indexing an empty array always
+gives an array-bounds error, but @bounds@ still yields the bounds
+with which the array was constructed.
+
+\subsubsection{Accumulated Arrays}
+\index{array!accumulated}
+
+Another array creation function, @accumArray@,\indextt{accumArray}
+relaxes the restriction that a given index may appear at most once in
+the association list, using an {\em accumulating function} which
+combines the values of associations with the same index.
+% \cite{nikhil:id-nouveau,wadler:array-primitive}:
+The first argument of @accumArray@ is the accumulating function; the
+second is an initial value; the remaining two arguments are a bounds
+pair and an association list, as for the @array@ function.
+For example, given a list of values of some index type, @hist@
+produces a histogram of the number of occurrences of each index within
+a specified range:
+\bprog
+@
+hist :: (Ix a, Num b) => (a,a) -> [a] -> Array a b
+hist bnds is = accumArray (+) 0 bnds [(i, 1) | i<-is, inRange bnds i]
+@
+\eprog
+If the accumulating function is strict, then @accumArray@ is
+strict in the values, as well as the indices, in the
+association list.  Thus, unlike ordinary arrays,
+accumulated arrays should not in general be recursive.
+
+\subsection{Incremental Array Updates}
+\label{array-update}
+
+The operator @(//)@\indextt{//} takes an array and a list of pairs and returns
+an array identical to the left argument except that it has
+been updated by the associations in the right argument.  (As with
+the @array@ function, the indices in the association list must
+be unique for the updated elements to be defined.)  For example,
+if @m@ is a 1-origin, @n@ by @n@ matrix, then
+@m//[((i,i), 0) | i <- [1..n]]@ is the same matrix, except with
+the diagonal zeroed.
+
+@accum@\indextt{accum} "f" takes an array
+and an association list and accumulates pairs from the list into
+the array with the accumulating function "f".  Thus @accumArray@
+can be defined using @accum@:\nopagebreak[4]
+\bprog
+@
+accumArray f z b = accum f (array b [(i, z) | i <- range b])
+@
+\eprogNoSkip
+
+\subsection{Derived Arrays}
+\index{array!derived}
+
+The two functions @map@\indextt{map} and @ixmap@\indextt{ixmap}
+derive new arrays from existing ones; they may be
+thought of as providing function composition on the left and right,
+respectively, with the mapping that the original array embodies.
+The @map@ function transforms the array values while 
+@ixmap@ allows for transformations on array indices.
+Figure~\ref{derived-array-examples} shows some examples.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\outline{
+@
+-- A rectangular subarray
+subArray :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> Array a b -> Array a b
+subArray bnds = ixmap bnds (\i->i)
+
+-- A row of a matrix
+row :: (Ix a, Ix b) => a -> Array (a,b) c -> Array b c
+row i x = ixmap (l',u') (\j->(i,j)) x where ((l,l'),(u,u')) = bounds x
+
+-- Diagonal of a square	matrix
+diag :: (Ix a) => Array (a,a) b -> Array a b
+diag x = ixmap (l,u) (\i->(i,i)) x
+	 where ((l,l'),(u,u')) | l == l' && u == u'  = bounds x
+
+-- Projection of first components of an array of pairs
+firstArray :: (Ix a) => Array a (b,c) -> Array a b
+firstArray = map (\(x,y)->x)
+@
+}
+\ecaption{Derived array examples}
+\label{derived-array-examples}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Library {\tt Array}}
+\label {Libarray}
+\inputHS{code/Array}
+%**~footer

libraries/char.verb

+%**<title>The Haskell 98 Library Report: Character Utilities</title>
+%**~header
+\section{Character Utilities}
+
+\outline{
+\inputHS{headers/Char}
+}
+\indextt{isAscii}
+\indextt{isLatin1}
+\indextt{isControl}
+\indextt{isPrint}
+\indextt{isSpace}
+\indextt{isUpper}
+\indextt{isLower}
+\indextt{isAlpha}
+\indextt{isDigit}
+\indextt{isOctDigit}
+\indextt{isHexDigit}
+\indextt{isAlphaNum}
+\indextt{toUpper}
+\indextt{toLower}
+
+This library provides a limited set of operations on the Unicode
+character set.  
+The first 128 entries of this character set are identical to the
+ASCII set; with the next 128 entries comes the remainder of the
+Latin-1 character set.
+This module offers only a limited view of the
+full Unicode character set; the full set of Unicode character
+attributes is not accessible in this library.
+
+Unicode characters may be divided into five general categories:
+non-printing, lower case alphabetic, other alphabetic, numeric digits, and
+other printable characters.  For the purposes of Haskell, any
+alphabetic character which is not lower case is treated as upper case
+(Unicode actually has three cases: upper, lower, and title).  Numeric
+digits may be part of identifiers but digits outside the ASCII range are not
+used by the reader to represent numbers.  
+
+For each sort of Unicode character, here are the predicates which
+return @True@:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|l|llll|}
+\hline
+Character Type & Predicates  & & & \\
+\hline
+Lower Case Alphabetic & @isPrint@ & @isAlphaNum@ & @isAlpha@ & @isLower@ \\
+Other Alphabetic & @isPrint@ & @isAlphaNum@ & @isAlpha@ & @isUpper@ \\
+Digits & @isPrint@ & @isAlphaNum@ & & \\
+Other Printable & @isPrint@ & & & \\
+Non-printing & & & &\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+The @isDigit@, @isOctDigit@, and @isHexDigit@ functions select only
+ASCII characters.  @intToDigit@ and @digitToInt@ convert between 
+a single digit @Char@ and the corresponding @Int@.  
+@digitToInt@ operates fails unless its argument satisfies @isHexDigit@,
+but recognises both upper and lower-case hexadecimal digits (i.e. @'0'@..@'9'@,
+@'a'@..@'f'@, @'A'@..@'F'@).  @intToDigit@ fails unless its argument is in the range
+@0@..@15@, and generates lower-case hexadecmial digits.
+
+The @isSpace@ function recognizes only white characters in the Latin-1
+range.
+
+The function @showLitChar@ converts a character to a string using
+only printable characters, using Haskell source-language escape conventions.
+The function @readLitChar@ does the reverse.
+
+Function @toUpper@ converts a letter to the corresponding
+upper-case letter, leaving any other character unchanged.  Any
+Unicode letter which has an upper-case equivalent is transformed.
+Similarly, @toLower@ converts a letter to the
+corresponding lower-case letter, leaving any other character
+unchanged.
+
+The @ord@ and @chr@ functions are @fromEnum@ and @toEnum@
+restricted to the type @Char@.
+
+\clearpage
+\subsection{Library {\tt Char}}
+\label{Char}
+\inputHS{code/Char}
+
+%**~footer
+
+

libraries/code/Array.hs

+module  Array ( 
+    module Ix,  -- export all of Ix 
+    Array, array, listArray, (!), bounds, indices, elems, assocs, 
+    accumArray, (//), accum, ixmap ) where
+
+import Ix
+import List( (\\) )
+
+infixl 9  !, //
+
+data (Ix a) => Array a b = MkArray (a,a) (a -> b) deriving ()
+
+array       :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> [(a,b)] -> Array a b
+array b ivs =
+    if and [inRange b i | (i,_) <- ivs]
+        then MkArray b
+                     (\j -> case [v | (i,v) <- ivs, i == j] of
+                            [v]   -> v
+                            []    -> error "Array.!: \
+                                           \undefined array element"
+                            _     -> error "Array.!: \
+                                           \multiply defined array element")
+        else error "Array.array: out-of-range array association"
+
+listArray             :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> [b] -> Array a b
+listArray b vs        =  array b (zipWith (\ a b -> (a,b)) (range b) vs)
+
+(!)                   :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> a -> b
+(!) (MkArray _ f)     =  f
+
+bounds                :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> (a,a)
+bounds (MkArray b _)  =  b
+
+indices               :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [a]
+indices               =  range . bounds
+
+elems                 :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [b]
+elems a               =  [a!i | i <- indices a]
+
+assocs                :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [(a,b)]
+assocs a              =  [(i, a!i) | i <- indices a]
+
+(//)                  :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [(a,b)] -> Array a b
+a // us               =  array (bounds a)
+                            ([(i,a!i) | i <- indices a \\ [i | (i,_) <- us]]
+                             ++ us)
+
+accum                 :: (Ix a) => (b -> c -> b) -> Array a b -> [(a,c)]
+                                   -> Array a b
+accum f               =  foldl (\a (i,v) -> a // [(i,f (a!i) v)])
+
+accumArray            :: (Ix a) => (b -> c -> b) -> b -> (a,a) -> [(a,c)]
+                                   -> Array a b
+accumArray f z b      =  accum f (array b [(i,z) | i <- range b])
+
+ixmap                 :: (Ix a, Ix b) => (a,a) -> (a -> b) -> Array b c
+                                         -> Array a c
+ixmap b f a           = array b [(i, a ! f i) | i <- range b]
+
+instance  (Ix a)          => Functor (Array a) where
+    fmap fn (MkArray b f) =  MkArray b (fn . f) 
+
+instance  (Ix a, Eq b)  => Eq (Array a b)  where
+    a == a'             =  assocs a == assocs a'
+
+instance  (Ix a, Ord b) => Ord (Array a b)  where
+    a <=  a'            =  assocs a <=  assocs a'
+
+instance  (Ix a, Show a, Show b) => Show (Array a b)  where
+    showsPrec p a = showParen (p > 9) (
+                    showString "array " .
+                    shows (bounds a) . showChar ' ' .
+                    shows (assocs a)                  )
+
+instance  (Ix a, Read a, Read b) => Read (Array a b)  where
+    readsPrec p = readParen (p > 9)
+           (\r -> [(array b as, u) | ("array",s) <- lex r,
+                                     (b,t)       <- reads s,
+                                     (as,u)      <- reads t   ])

libraries/code/Char.hs

+module Char ( 
+    isAscii, isLatin1, isControl, isPrint, isSpace, isUpper, isLower,
+    isAlpha, isDigit, isOctDigit, isHexDigit, isAlphaNum,
+    digitToInt, intToDigit,
+    toUpper, toLower,
+    ord, chr,
+    readLitChar, showLitChar, lexLitChar,
+
+	-- ...and what the Prelude exports
+    Char, String
+    ) where
+
+import Array  -- used for character name table.