This refactors handling of R_ARM_CALL, R_ARM_JUMP24, R_ARM_MOVW_NC, and
R_ARM_MOVT relocations to follow the LLVM LLD implementation. The "ELF
for ARM"  specification is (like most documents of this type, sadly) a
bit vague in some areas, so it seems safest to follow the behavior of a
trusted implementation like LLD, which is remarkable in its clarity..

Moreover, we now throw a proper error message when a jump to a symbol
extra is out of range. This is great improvement over the previous
behavior, which ended in a segfault.

See #11340.

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D1728