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Alex D
GHC
Commits
4c93a40d
Commit
4c93a40d
authored
Feb 17, 2014
by
Joachim Breitner
Browse files
Make CallArity make more use of many-calls
by elaborating the domain a bit.
parent
e789a4f5
Changes
3
Hide whitespace changes
Inline
Side-by-side
compiler/simplCore/CallArity.hs
View file @
4c93a40d
...
...
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import DynFlags ( DynFlags )
import
BasicTypes
import
CoreSyn
import
Id
import
CoreArity
import
CoreArity
(
exprArity
,
typeArity
)
import
CoreUtils
(
exprIsHNF
)
import
Control.Arrow
(
second
)
import
Data.Maybe
(
isJust
)
{-
...
...
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ sufficiently.
The work-hourse of the analysis is the function `callArityAnal`, with the
following type:
type CallArityEnv = VarEnv
(Maybe Arity)
type CallArityEnv = VarEnv
CallCount
callArityAnal ::
Arity -> -- The arity this expression is called with
VarSet -> -- The set of interesting variables
...
...
@@ -86,13 +86,23 @@ and the following specification:
* The domain of `callArityEnv` is a subset of `interestingIds`.
* Any variable from interestingIds that is not mentioned in the `callArityEnv`
is absent, i.e. not called at all.
* Of all the variables that are mapped to a
non-Nothing
value by `callArityEnv`,
* Of all the variables that are mapped to a
OnceAndOnly
value by `callArityEnv`,
at most one is being called, with at least that many arguments.
* Nothing can be said about variables mapped to Noting.
* Variables mapped to Many are called an unknown number of times, but if they
are called, then with at least that many arguments.
Furthermore, expr' is expr with the callArity field of the `IdInfo` updated.
The (pointwise) top of the domain is `Nothing`; the least upper bound coincides
with the mininum on `Maybe Int` with the usual `Ord` instance for `Maybe`.
The (pointwise) domain is hence:
Many 0
/ \
Many 1 OnceAndOnly 0
/ \ /
Many 2 OnceAndOnly 1
/ \ /
... OnceAndOnly 2
/
...
The at-most-once is important for various reasons:
...
...
@@ -158,21 +168,23 @@ Note [Which variables are interesting]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Unfortunately, the set of interesting variables is not irrelevant for the
precision of the analysis. Consider this example
precision of the analysis. Consider this example (and ignore the pointlessnes
of `d` recursing into itself):
let n = ... :: Int
in let
go = \x ->
let d = case ... of
False ->
go (x+1)
True -> id
in \z -> d (x + z)
in
go n
0
in let
d =
let d = case ... of
False ->
d
True -> id
in \z -> d (x + z)
in
d
0
Of course, `
go
` should be interesting. If we consider `n` as interesting as
Of course, `
d
` should be interesting. If we consider `n` as interesting as
well, then the body of the second let will return
{ go |->
Nothing , n |-> Just
0 }
{ go |->
Many 1 , n |-> OnceAndOnly
0 }
or
{ go |->
2
, n |->
Nothing
}.
{ go |->
OnceAndOnly 1
, n |->
Many 0
}.
Only the latter is useful, but it is hard to decide that locally.
(Returning OnceAndOnly for both would be wrong, as both are being called.)
So the heuristics is:
...
...
@@ -192,8 +204,8 @@ But this is not uniformly a win. Consider:
in go n 0
Now `n` is not going to be considered interesting (its type is `Int -> Int`).
But this will prevent us from detecting how the body of the let calls
`d`, and
we will not find out anything.
But this will prevent us from detecting how
often
the body of the let calls
`d`, and
we will not find out anything.
It might be possible to be smarter here; this needs find-tuning as we find more
examples.
...
...
@@ -204,18 +216,19 @@ Note [Recursion and fixpointing]
For a recursive let, we begin by analysing the body, using the same incoming
arity as for the whole expression.
* If we do not get useful information about how we are calling the rhs, we
analyse the rhs using an incoming demand of 0 (which is always ok), and use
`forgetGoodCalls` to ignore any information coming from the rhs.
* If we do get useful information from the body, we use that as the incoming
demand on the rhs. Then we check if the rhs calls itself with the same arity.
* We use the arity from the body on the variable as the incoming demand on the
rhs. Then we check if the rhs calls itself with the same arity.
- If so, we are done.
- If not, we re-analise the rhs with the reduced arity. We do that until
we are down to the exprArity, which then is certainly correct.
We can `lubEnv` the results from the body and the rhs: The body calls *either*
the rhs *or* one of the other mentioned variables. Similarly, the rhs calls
*either* itself again *or* one of the other mentioned variables. This precision
is required!
* If the rhs calls itself many times, we must (conservatively) pass the result
through forgetOnceCalls.
* Similarly, if the body calls the variable many times, we must pass the
result of the fixpointing through forgetOnceCalls.
* Then we can `lubEnv` the results from the body and the rhs: If all mentioned
calls are OnceAndOnly calls, then the body calls *either* the rhs *or* one
of the other mentioned variables. Similarly, the rhs calls *either* itself
again *or* one of the other mentioned variables. This precision is required!
We do not analyse mutually recursive functions. This can be done once we see it
in the wild.
...
...
@@ -231,8 +244,8 @@ similarly, how to combine the information from the callee and argument of an
`App`?
It would not be correct to just `lubEnv` then: `f n` obviously calls *both* `f`
and `n`. We need to forget about the calls from one side using
`forgetGoodCalls`. But
which one?
and `n`. We need to forget about the
cardinality of
calls from one side using
`forgetOnceCalls`. But
which one?
Both are correct, and sometimes one and sometimes the other is more precise
(also see example in [Which variables are interesting]).
...
...
@@ -257,7 +270,13 @@ callArityRHS :: CoreExpr -> CoreExpr
callArityRHS
=
snd
.
callArityAnal
0
emptyVarSet
type
CallArityEnv
=
VarEnv
(
Maybe
Arity
)
data
CallCount
=
OnceAndOnly
Arity
|
Many
Arity
topCallCount
::
CallCount
topCallCount
=
Many
0
type
CallArityEnv
=
VarEnv
CallCount
callArityAnal
::
Arity
->
-- The arity this expression is called with
...
...
@@ -285,7 +304,7 @@ callArityAnal arity int (Cast e co)
-- The interesting case: Variables, Lambdas, Lets, Applications, Cases
callArityAnal
arity
int
e
@
(
Var
v
)
|
v
`
elemVarSet
`
int
=
(
unitVarEnv
v
(
Just
arity
),
e
)
=
(
unitVarEnv
v
(
OnceAndOnly
arity
),
e
)
|
otherwise
=
(
emptyVarEnv
,
e
)
...
...
@@ -295,7 +314,7 @@ callArityAnal 0 int (Lam v e)
=
(
ae'
,
Lam
v
e'
)
where
(
ae
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int
e
ae'
=
forget
Good
Calls
ae
ae'
=
forget
Once
Calls
ae
-- We have a lambda that we are calling. decrease arity.
callArityAnal
arity
int
(
Lam
v
e
)
=
(
ae
,
Lam
v
e'
)
...
...
@@ -311,36 +330,30 @@ callArityAnal arity int (Let (NonRec v rhs) e)
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int
rhs
(
ae_body
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int
e
ae_body'
=
ae_body
`
delVarEnv
`
v
ae_final
=
forget
Good
Calls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body'
ae_final
=
forget
Once
Calls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body'
-- Non-recursive let. Find out how the body calls the rhs, analise that,
-- and combine the results, convervatively using both
callArityAnal
arity
int
(
Let
(
NonRec
v
rhs
)
e
)
-- We are tail-calling into the rhs. So a tail-call in the RHS is a
-- tail-call for everything
|
Just
n
<-
rhs_arity
=
let
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
n
int
rhs
final_ae
=
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body'
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
n
in
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetNonRecTailCall"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr n, ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
NonRec
v'
rhs'
)
e'
)
-- We are calling the rhs in any other way (or not at all), so kill the
-- tail-call information from there
|
otherwise
=
let
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int
rhs
final_ae
=
forgetGoodCalls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body'
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
0
in
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetNonRecNonTailCall"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
NonRec
v'
rhs'
)
e'
)
=
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetNonRec"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr n, ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
NonRec
v'
rhs'
)
e'
)
where
is_thunk
=
not
(
exprIsHNF
rhs
)
int_body
=
int
`
extendVarSet
`
v
(
ae_body
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int_body
e
ae_body'
=
ae_body
`
delVarEnv
`
v
rhs_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae_body
Nothing
v
rhs_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae_body
topCallCount
v
safe_arity
=
case
rhs_arity
of
OnceAndOnly
n
->
n
Many
n
|
is_thunk
->
0
-- A thunk! Do not eta-expand
|
otherwise
->
n
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
safe_arity
int
rhs
ae_rhs'
|
isOnceCall
rhs_arity
=
ae_rhs
|
otherwise
=
forgetOnceCalls
ae_rhs
final_ae
=
ae_rhs'
`
lubEnv
`
(
ae_body
`
delVarEnv
`
v
)
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
safe_arity
-- Boring recursive let, i.e. no eta expansion possible. do not be smart about this
callArityAnal
arity
int
(
Let
(
Rec
[(
v
,
rhs
)])
e
)
...
...
@@ -349,33 +362,32 @@ callArityAnal arity int (Let (Rec [(v,rhs)]) e)
where
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int
rhs
(
ae_body
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int
e
ae_final
=
(
forget
Good
Calls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body
)
`
delVarEnv
`
v
ae_final
=
(
forget
Once
Calls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body
)
`
delVarEnv
`
v
-- Recursive let.
-- See Note [Recursion and fixpointing]
callArityAnal
arity
int
(
Let
(
Rec
[(
v
,
rhs
)])
e
)
-- We are tail-calling into the rhs. So a tail-call in the RHS is a
-- tail-call for everything
|
Just
n
<-
rhs_arity
=
let
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs_arity'
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityFix
n
int_body
v
rhs
final_ae
=
(
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body
)
`
delVarEnv
`
v
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
rhs_arity'
in
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetRecTailCall"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr n, ppr rhs_arity', ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
Rec
[(
v'
,
rhs'
)])
e'
)
-- We are calling the body in any other way (or not at all), so kill the
-- tail-call information from there. No need to iterate there.
|
otherwise
=
let
(
ae_rhs
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int_body
rhs
final_ae
=
(
forgetGoodCalls
ae_rhs
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body
)
`
delVarEnv
`
v
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
0
in
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetRecNonTailCall"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
Rec
[(
v'
,
rhs'
)])
e'
)
=
-- pprTrace "callArityAnal:LetRec"
-- (vcat [ppr v, ppr arity, ppr safe_arity, ppr rhs_arity', ppr final_ae ])
(
final_ae
,
Let
(
Rec
[(
v'
,
rhs'
)])
e'
)
where
is_thunk
=
not
(
exprIsHNF
rhs
)
int_body
=
int
`
extendVarSet
`
v
(
ae_body
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int_body
e
rhs_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae_body
Nothing
v
rhs_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae_body
topCallCount
v
safe_arity
=
case
rhs_arity
of
OnceAndOnly
n
->
n
Many
n
|
is_thunk
->
0
-- A thunk! Do not eta-expand
|
otherwise
->
n
(
ae_rhs
,
new_arity
,
rhs'
)
=
callArityFix
safe_arity
int_body
v
rhs
ae_rhs'
|
isOnceCall
rhs_arity
=
ae_rhs
|
otherwise
=
forgetOnceCalls
ae_rhs
final_ae
=
(
ae_rhs'
`
lubEnv
`
ae_body
)
`
delVarEnv
`
v
v'
=
v
`
setIdCallArity
`
new_arity
-- Mutual recursion. Do nothing serious here, for now
callArityAnal
arity
int
(
Let
(
Rec
binds
)
e
)
...
...
@@ -383,7 +395,7 @@ callArityAnal arity int (Let (Rec binds) e)
where
(
aes
,
binds'
)
=
unzip
$
map
go
binds
go
(
i
,
e
)
=
let
(
ae
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
0
int
e
in
(
forget
Good
Calls
ae
,
(
i
,
e'
))
in
(
forget
Once
Calls
ae
,
(
i
,
e'
))
(
ae
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int
e
final_ae
=
foldl
lubEnv
ae
aes
`
delVarEnvList
`
map
fst
binds
...
...
@@ -421,40 +433,54 @@ callArityFix arity int v e
|
arity
<=
min_arity
-- The incoming arity is already lower than the exprArity, so we can
-- ignore the arity coming from the RHS
=
(
ae
`
delVarEnv
`
v
,
0
,
e'
)
=
(
final_
ae
`
delVarEnv
`
v
,
0
,
e'
)
|
otherwise
=
case
new_arity
of
-- Not nicely recursive, rerun with arity 0
-- (which will do at most one iteration, see above)
-- (Or not recursive at all, but that was hopefully handled by the simplifier before)
Nothing
->
callArityFix
0
int
v
e
Just
n
->
if
n
<
arity
-- RHS puts a lower arity on itself, but still a nice call, so try with that
then
callArityFix
n
int
v
e
-- RHS calls itself with at least as many arguments as the body of
-- the let: Great!
else
(
ae
`
delVarEnv
`
v
,
n
,
e'
)
=
if
safe_arity
<
arity
-- RHS puts a lower arity on itself, so try that
then
callArityFix
safe_arity
int
v
e
-- RHS calls itself with at least as many arguments as the body of the let: Great!
else
(
final_ae
`
delVarEnv
`
v
,
safe_arity
,
e'
)
where
(
ae
,
e'
)
=
callArityAnal
arity
int
e
new_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae
Nothing
v
new_arity
=
lookupWithDefaultVarEnv
ae
topCallCount
v
min_arity
=
exprArity
e
is_thunk
=
not
(
exprIsHNF
e
)
safe_arity
=
case
new_arity
of
OnceAndOnly
n
->
n
Many
n
|
is_thunk
->
0
-- A thunk! Do not eta-expand
|
otherwise
->
n
anyGoodCalls
::
VarEnv
(
Maybe
Arity
)
->
Bool
anyGoodCalls
=
foldVarEnv
((
||
)
.
isJust
)
Fals
e
final_ae
|
isOnceCall
new_arity
=
ae
|
otherwise
=
forgetOnceCalls
a
e
forgetGoodCalls
::
VarEnv
(
Maybe
Arity
)
->
VarEnv
(
Maybe
Arity
)
forgetGoodCalls
=
mapVarEnv
(
const
Nothing
)
anyGoodCalls
::
CallArityEnv
->
Bool
anyGoodCalls
=
foldVarEnv
((
||
)
.
isOnceCall
)
False
isOnceCall
::
CallCount
->
Bool
isOnceCall
(
OnceAndOnly
_
)
=
True
isOnceCall
(
Many
_
)
=
False
forgetOnceCalls
::
CallArityEnv
->
CallArityEnv
forgetOnceCalls
=
mapVarEnv
go
where
go
(
OnceAndOnly
a
)
=
Many
a
go
(
Many
a
)
=
Many
a
-- See Note [Case and App: Which side to take?]
useBetterOf
::
CallArityEnv
->
CallArityEnv
->
CallArityEnv
useBetterOf
ae1
ae2
|
anyGoodCalls
ae1
=
ae1
`
lubEnv
`
forgetGoodCalls
ae2
useBetterOf
ae1
ae2
|
otherwise
=
forgetGoodCalls
ae1
`
lubEnv
`
ae2
useBetterOf
ae1
ae2
|
anyGoodCalls
ae1
=
ae1
`
lubEnv
`
forgetOnceCalls
ae2
useBetterOf
ae1
ae2
|
otherwise
=
forgetOnceCalls
ae1
`
lubEnv
`
ae2
lubCallCount
::
CallCount
->
CallCount
->
CallCount
lubCallCount
(
OnceAndOnly
arity1
)
(
OnceAndOnly
arity2
)
=
OnceAndOnly
(
arity1
`
min
`
arity2
)
lubCallCount
(
Many
arity1
)
(
OnceAndOnly
arity2
)
=
Many
(
arity1
`
min
`
arity2
)
lubCallCount
(
OnceAndOnly
arity1
)
(
Many
arity2
)
=
Many
(
arity1
`
min
`
arity2
)
lubCallCount
(
Many
arity1
)
(
Many
arity2
)
=
Many
(
arity1
`
min
`
arity2
)
-- Used when combining results from alternative cases; take the minimum
lubEnv
::
CallArityEnv
->
CallArityEnv
->
CallArityEnv
lubEnv
=
plusVarEnv_C
min
lubEnv
=
plusVarEnv_C
lubCallCount
testsuite/tests/callarity/CallArity1.hs
View file @
4c93a40d
...
...
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ exprs =
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
Var
y
)
)
$
mkLams
[
z
]
$
Var
d
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])
$
f
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
]
`
mkApps
`
[
go
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
0
]]
,
(
"go2 (using surrounding interesting let
; 'go 2' would be good!
)"
,)
$
,
(
"go2 (using surrounding interesting let)"
,)
$
mkLet
n
(
f
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
])
$
mkRFun
go
[
x
]
(
mkLet
d
(
mkACase
(
Var
go
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])
...
...
@@ -98,6 +98,38 @@ exprs =
mkRLet
n
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
n
))
$
mkRLet
d
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
n
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
])
(
Var
d
))
$
d
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
]
,
(
"two thunks, one called multiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!)"
,)
$
mkLet
n
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
f
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
]))
$
mkLet
d
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
f
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
]))
$
Var
n
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
mkLit
0
]]]
,
(
"two thunks (recursive), one called multiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!)"
,)
$
mkRLet
n
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
n
))
$
mkRLet
d
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
d
))
$
Var
n
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
mkLit
0
]]]
,
(
"two functions, not thunks"
,)
$
mkLet
go
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
f
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
$
mkLet
go2
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
f
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
$
Var
go
`
mkApps
`
[
go2
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
1
],
mkLit
0
]
,
(
"a thunk, called multiple times via a forking recursion (d 1 would be bad!)"
,)
$
mkLet
d
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
f
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
]))
$
mkRLet
go2
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
Var
go2
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
go2
`
mkApps
`
[
mkLit
0
,
mkLit
0
]])
(
Var
d
)))
$
go2
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
1
]
,
(
"a function, one called multiple times via a forking recursion"
,)
$
mkLet
go
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
f
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
$
mkRLet
go2
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
Var
go2
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
go2
`
mkApps
`
[
mkLit
0
,
mkLit
0
]])
(
go
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
])))
$
go2
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
1
]
,
(
"two functions (recursive)"
,)
$
mkRLet
go
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
go
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
$
mkRLet
go2
(
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
go2
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
$
Var
go
`
mkApps
`
[
go2
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
1
],
mkLit
0
]
,
(
"mutual recursion (thunks), called mutiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!)"
,)
$
Let
(
Rec
[
(
n
,
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
d
))
,
(
d
,
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
n
))])
$
Var
n
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
Var
d
`
mkApps
`
[
mkLit
0
]]]
,
(
"mutual recursion (functions), but no thunks (both arity 2 would be good)"
,)
$
Let
(
Rec
[
(
go
,
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
go2
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))
,
(
go2
,
mkLams
[
x
]
(
mkACase
(
mkLams
[
y
]
$
mkLit
0
)
(
Var
go
`
mkVarApps
`
[
x
])))])
$
Var
go
`
mkApps
`
[
go2
`
mkLApps
`
[
0
,
1
],
mkLit
0
]
]
main
=
do
...
...
testsuite/tests/callarity/CallArity1.stderr
View file @
4c93a40d
...
...
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ go2 (in case crut):
go2 (in function call):
go 2
d 1
go2 (using surrounding interesting let
; 'go 2' would be good!
):
go
0
d
0
go2 (using surrounding interesting let):
go
2
d
1
n 1
go2 (using surrounding boring let):
go 2
...
...
@@ -29,3 +29,27 @@ two recursions (both arity 1 would be good!):
two recursions (semantically like the previous case):
d 1
n 1
two thunks, one called multiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!):
d 0
n 1
two thunks (recursive), one called multiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!):
d 0
n 1
two functions, not thunks:
go 2
go2 2
a thunk, called multiple times via a forking recursion (d 1 would be bad!):
go2 2
d 0
a function, one called multiple times via a forking recursion:
go 2
go2 2
two functions (recursive):
go 2
go2 2
mutual recursion (thunks), called mutiple times (both arity 1 would be bad!):
d 0
n 0
mutual recursion (functions), but no thunks (both arity 2 would be good):
go 0
go2 0
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