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This commit implements the proposal in
https://github.com/ghc-proposals/ghc-proposals/pull/29 and
https://github.com/ghc-proposals/ghc-proposals/pull/35.

Here are some of the pieces of that proposal:

* Some of RuntimeRep's constructors have been shortened.

* TupleRep and SumRep are now parameterized over a list of RuntimeReps.
* This
means that two types with the same kind surely have the same
representation.
Previously, all unboxed tuples had the same kind, and thus the fact
above was
false.

* RepType.typePrimRep and friends now return a *list* of PrimReps. These
functions can now work successfully on unboxed tuples. This change is
necessary because we allow abstraction over unboxed tuple types and so
cannot
always handle unboxed tuples specially as we did before.

* We sometimes have to create an Id from a PrimRep. I thus split PtrRep
* into
LiftedRep and UnliftedRep, so that the created Ids have the right
strictness.

* The RepType.RepType type was removed, as it didn't seem to help with
* much.

* The RepType.repType function is also removed, in favor of typePrimRep.

* I have waffled a good deal on whether or not to keep VoidRep in
TyCon.PrimRep. In the end, I decided to keep it there. PrimRep is *not*
represented in RuntimeRep, and typePrimRep will never return a list
including
VoidRep. But it's handy to have in, e.g., ByteCodeGen and friends. I can
imagine another design choice where we have a PrimRepV type that is
PrimRep
with an extra constructor. That seemed to be a heavier design, though,
and I'm
not sure what the benefit would be.

* The last, unused vestiges of # (unliftedTypeKind) have been removed.

* There were several pretty-printing bugs that this change exposed;
* these are fixed.

* We previously checked for levity polymorphism in the types of binders.
* But we
also must exclude levity polymorphism in function arguments. This is
hard to check
for, requiring a good deal of care in the desugarer. See Note [Levity
polymorphism
checking] in DsMonad.

* In order to efficiently check for levity polymorphism in functions, it
* was necessary
to add a new bit of IdInfo. See Note [Levity info] in IdInfo.

* It is now safe for unlifted types to be unsaturated in Core. Core Lint
* is updated
accordingly.

* We can only know strictness after zonking, so several checks around
* strictness
in the type-checker (checkStrictBinds, the check for unlifted variables
under a ~
pattern) have been moved to the desugarer.

* Along the way, I improved the treatment of unlifted vs. banged
* bindings. See
Note [Strict binds checks] in DsBinds and #13075.

* Now that we print type-checked source, we must be careful to print
* ConLikes correctly.
This is facilitated by a new HsConLikeOut constructor to HsExpr.
Particularly troublesome
are unlifted pattern synonyms that get an extra void# argument.

* Includes a submodule update for haddock, getting rid of #.

* New testcases:
  typecheck/should_fail/StrictBinds
  typecheck/should_fail/T12973
  typecheck/should_run/StrictPats
  typecheck/should_run/T12809
  typecheck/should_fail/T13105
  patsyn/should_fail/UnliftedPSBind
  typecheck/should_fail/LevPolyBounded
  typecheck/should_compile/T12987
  typecheck/should_compile/T11736

* Fixed tickets:
  #12809
  #12973
  #11736
  #13075
  #12987

* This also adds a test case for #13105. This test case is
* "compile_fail" and
succeeds, because I want the testsuite to monitor the error message.
When #13105 is fixed, the test case will compile cleanly.

Previously, GHC checked for bad levity polymorphism to the left of all
arrows in data constructors. This was wrong, as reported in #12911
(where an example is also shown). The solution is to check each
individual argument for bad levity polymorphism.  Thus the check has
been moved from TcValidity to TcTyClsDecls.

A similar situation exists with pattern synonyms, also fixed here.

This patch also nabs #12819 while I was in town.

Test cases: typecheck/should_compile/T12911, patsyn/should_fail/T12819

Test Plan: ./validate

Reviewers: simonpj, austin, bgamari

Reviewed By: bgamari

Subscribers: thomie

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D2783

GHC Trac Issues: #12819, #12911

Not having SCCs at the top level is becoming annoying real quick. For
simplest cases, it's possible to do this transformation:

    f x y = ...
    =>
    f = {-# SCC f #-} \x y -> ...

However, it doesn't work when there's a `where` clause:

    f x y = <t is in scope>
      where t = ...
    =>
    f = {-# SCC f #-} \x y -> <t is out of scope>
      where t = ...

Or when we have a "equation style" definition:

    f (C1 ...) = ...
    f (C2 ...) = ...
    f (C3 ...) = ...
    ...

(usual solution is to rename `f` to `f'` and define a new `f` with a
`SCC`)

This patch implements support for SCC annotations in declaration
contexts. This is now a valid program:

    f x y = ...
      where
        g z = ...
        {-# SCC g #-}
    {-# SCC f #-}

Test Plan: This passes slow validate (no new failures added).

Reviewers: goldfire, mpickering, austin, bgamari, simonmar

Reviewed By: bgamari, simonmar

Subscribers: simonmar, thomie, mpickering

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D2407

This makes pattern synonym signatures more consistent with normal
type signatures.

Updates haddock submodule.

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D2083

This renames VisibilityFlag from

> data VisibilityFlag = Visible | Specified | Invisible

to

> data ArgFlag = Required | Specified | Inferred

The old name was quite confusing, because both Specified
and Invisible were invisible! The new names are hopefully clearer.

Before this patch, following the TypeInType innovations,
each TyCon had two lists:
  - tyConBinders :: [TyBinder]
  - tyConTyVars  :: [TyVar]

They were in 1-1 correspondence and contained
overlapping information.  More broadly, there were many
places where we had to pass around this pair of lists,
instead of a single list.

This commit tidies all that up, by having just one list of
binders in a TyCon:

  - tyConBinders :: [TyConBinder]

The new data types look like this:

  Var.hs:
     data TyVarBndr tyvar vis = TvBndr tyvar vis
     data VisibilityFlag = Visible | Specified | Invisible
     type TyVarBinder = TyVarBndr TyVar VisibilityFlag

  TyCon.hs:
     type TyConBinder = TyVarBndr TyVar TyConBndrVis

     data TyConBndrVis
       = NamedTCB VisibilityFlag
       | AnonTCB

  TyCoRep.hs:
     data TyBinder
       = Named TyVarBinder
       | Anon Type

Note that Var.TyVarBdr has moved from TyCoRep and has been
made polymorphic in the tyvar and visiblity fields:

     type TyVarBinder = TyVarBndr TyVar VisibilityFlag
        -- Used in ForAllTy
     type TyConBinder = TyVarBndr TyVar TyConBndrVis
        -- Used in TyCon

     type IfaceForAllBndr  = TyVarBndr IfaceTvBndr VisibilityFlag
     type IfaceTyConBinder = TyVarBndr IfaceTvBndr TyConBndrVis
         -- Ditto, in interface files

There are a zillion knock-on changes, but everything
arises from these types.  It was a bit fiddly to get the
module loops to work out right!

Some smaller points
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Nice new functions
    TysPrim.mkTemplateKiTyVars
    TysPrim.mkTemplateTyConBinders
  which help you make the tyvar binders for dependently-typed
  TyCons.  See comments with their definition.

* The change showed up a bug in TcGenGenerics.tc_mkRepTy, where the code
  was making an assumption about the order of the kind variables in the
  kind of GHC.Generics.(:.:).  I fixed this; see TcGenGenerics.mkComp.

With TypeInType Richard combined ForAllTy and FunTy, but that was often
awkward, and yielded little benefit becuase in practice the two were
always treated separately.  This patch re-introduces FunTy.  Specfically

* New type
    data TyVarBinder = TvBndr TyVar VisibilityFlag
  This /always/ has a TyVar it.  In many places that's just what
  what we want, so there are /lots/ of TyBinder -> TyVarBinder changes

* TyBinder still exists:
    data TyBinder = Named TyVarBinder | Anon Type

* data Type = ForAllTy TyVarBinder Type
            | FunTy Type Type
            |  ....

There are a LOT of knock-on changes, but they are all routine.

The Haddock submodule needs to be updated too

This major commit was initially triggered by #11339, but it spiraled
into a major review of the way in which type signatures for bindings
are handled, especially partial type signatures.  On the way I fixed a
number of other bugs, namely
   #12069
   #12033
   #11700
   #11339
   #11670

The main change is that I completely reorganised the way in which type
signatures in bindings are handled. The new story is in TcSigs
Note [Overview of type signatures].  Some specific:

* Changes in the data types for signatures in TcRnTypes:
  TcIdSigInfo and new TcIdSigInst

* New module TcSigs deals with typechecking type signatures
  and pragmas. It contains code mostly moved from TcBinds,
  which is already too big

* HsTypes: I swapped the nesting of HsWildCardBndrs
  and HsImplicitBndsrs, so that the wildcards are on the
  oustide not the insidde in a LHsSigWcType.  This is just
  a matter of convenient, nothing deep.

There are a host of other changes as knock-on effects, and
it all took FAR longer than I anticipated :-).  But it is
a significant improvement, I think.

Lots of error messages changed slightly, some just variants but
some modest improvements.

New tests

* typecheck/should_compile
    * SigTyVars: a scoped-tyvar test
    * ExPat, ExPatFail: existential pattern bindings
    * T12069
    * T11700
    * T11339

* partial-sigs/should_compile
    * T12033
    * T11339a
    * T11670

One thing to check:

* Small change to output from ghc-api/landmines.
  Need to check with Alan Zimmerman