Summary:
#14710 revealed two unfortunate regressions related to kind
polymorphism that had crept in in recent GHC releases:

1. While GHC was able to catch illegal uses of kind polymorphism
   (i.e., if `PolyKinds` wasn't enabled) in limited situations, it
   wasn't able to catch kind polymorphism of the following form:

```lang=haskell
f :: forall a. a -> a
f x = const x g
  where
    g :: Proxy (x :: a)
    g = Proxy
```

Note that the variable `a` is being used as a kind variable in the
type signature of `g`, but GHC happily accepts it, even without
the use of `PolyKinds`.

2. If you have `PolyKinds` (but not `TypeInType`) enabled, then GHC
   incorrectly accepts the following definition:

```lang=haskell
f :: forall k (a :: k). Proxy a
f = Proxy
```

Even though `k` is explicitly bound and then later used as a kind
variable within the same telescope.

This patch fixes these two bugs as follows:

1. Whenever we rename any `HsTyVar`, we check if the following three
   criteria are met:

   (a) It's a type variable
   (b) It's used at the kind level
   (c) `PolyKinds` is not enabled

   If so, then we have found an illegal use of kind polymorphism, so
   throw an error.

   This check replaces the `checkBadKindBndrs` function, which could
   only catch illegal uses of kind polymorphism in very limited
   situations (when the bad kind variable happened to be implicitly
   quantified in the same type signature).

2. In `extract_hs_tv_bndrs`, we must error if `TypeInType` is not
   enabled and either of the following criteria are met:

   (a) An explicitly bound type variable is used in kind position
       in the body of a `forall` type.
   (b) An explicitly bound type variable is used in kind position
       in the kind of a bound type variable in a `forall` type.

   `extract_hs_tv_bndrs` was checking (a), but not (b). Easily fixed.

Test Plan: ./validate

Reviewers: goldfire, simonpj, bgamari, hvr

Reviewed By: simonpj

Subscribers: thomie, carter

GHC Trac Issues: #14710

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D4554