base: Propagate `error` CallStack to thrown exception

Previously errorCallWithCallStackException failed to propagate its CallStack argument, which represents the call-chain of the preceding error call, to the exception that it returned. Consequently, the call-stack of error calls were quite useless.

Unfortunately, this is the second time that I have fixed this but it seems the first must have been lost in rebasing. The added test should prevent any further shenanigans.

Fixes #24807.