Fix typechecking of partial type signatures

Partial type sigs had grown hair.  tcHsParialSigType was
doing lots of unnecessary work, and tcInstSig was cloning it
unnecessarily -- and the result didn't even work: #16728.

This patch cleans it all up, described by TcHsType
  Note [Checking parital type signatures]

I basically just deleted code... but very carefully!

Some refactoring along the way

* Distinguish more explicintly between "anonymous" wildcards "_"
  and "named" wildcards "_a".  I changed the names of a number
  of functions to make this distinction much more apparent.

The patch also revealed that the code in `TcExpr`
that implements the special typing rule for `($)` was wrong.
It called `getRuntimeRep` in a situation where where was no
particular reason to suppose that the thing had kind `TYPE r`.

This caused a crash in typecheck/should_run/T10846.

The fix was easy, and actually simplifies the code in `TcExpr`
quite a bit.  Hooray.