Enhanced constant folding

Until now GHC only supported basic constant folding (lit op lit, expr op
0, etc.).

This patch uses laws of +/-/* (associativity, commutativity,
distributivity) to support some constant folding into nested
expressions.

Examples of new transformations:

   - simple nesting: (10 + x) + 10 becomes 20 + x
   - deep nesting: 5 + x + (y + (z + (t + 5))) becomes 10 + (x + (y + (z + t)))
   - distribution: (5 + x) * 6 becomes 30 + 6*x
   - simple factorization: 5 + x + (x + (x + (x + 5))) becomes 10 + (4 *x)
   - siblings: (5 + 4*x) - (3*x + 2) becomes 3 + x

Test Plan: validate

Reviewers: simonpj, austin, bgamari

Reviewed By: bgamari

Subscribers: thomie

GHC Trac Issues: #9136

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D2858

(cherry picked from commit fea04def)