Even though Issue 481 is marked as closed, the fix is only partial. If a function inside $( ... ) is not inlined, then the dependency check fails. Attached is a full example, built around the following code:

#ifdef NO_INLINE
{-# NOINLINE libraryFunction #-}
#endif

libraryFunction :: Q Exp
libraryFunction = [e| "Return X" |]

And the test:

case_library_function = $( libraryFunction ) @?= "Return A"

Here is are the relevant parts of RUNME.LOG:

+ rm -rf dist
+ cabal configure --enable-tests
Resolving dependencies...
Configuring dependency-bug-0.0.1...
+ sed -e 's/Return ./Return A/' -i src/Dependency/Library.hs
+ cabal build
Building dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing library dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.o )
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.p_o )
Registering dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing test suite 'Test' for dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( test/Main.hs, dist/build/Test/Test-tmp/Main.o )
Linking dist/build/Test/Test ...
+ cabal test
Running 1 test suites...
Test suite Test: RUNNING...
Test suite Test: PASS
Test suite logged to: dist/test/dependency-bug-0.0.1-Test.log
1 of 1 test suites (1 of 1 test cases) passed.
+ sed -e 's/Return ./Return B/' -i src/Dependency/Library.hs
+ cabal build
Building dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing library dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.o )
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.p_o )
Registering dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing test suite 'Test' for dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( test/Main.hs, dist/build/Test/Test-tmp/Main.o )
Linking dist/build/Test/Test ...
+ cabal test
Running 1 test suites...
Test suite Test: RUNNING...
Main:
  library function: [Failed]
expected: "Return A"
 but got: "Return B"

         Test Cases  Total
 Passed  0           0
 Failed  1           1
 Total   1           1
Test suite Test: FAIL
Test suite logged to: dist/test/dependency-bug-0.0.1-Test.log
0 of 1 test suites (0 of 1 test cases) passed.

This is as expected; we changed the source to "Return B" but the test expects the library to "Return A" so it fails. So far, so good. However:

+ rm -rf dist
+ cabal configure --enable-tests -fwithout-inline
Resolving dependencies...
Configuring dependency-bug-0.0.1...
+ sed -e 's/Return ./Return A/' -i src/Dependency/Library.hs
+ cabal build
Building dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing library dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.o )
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.p_o )
Registering dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing test suite 'Test' for dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( test/Main.hs, dist/build/Test/Test-tmp/Main.o )
Loading package ghc-prim ... linking ... done.
Loading package integer-gmp ... linking ... done.
Loading package base ... linking ... done.
Loading package array-0.4.0.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package deepseq-1.3.0.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package containers-0.4.2.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package pretty-1.1.1.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package template-haskell ... linking ... done.
Loading package dependency-bug-0.0.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package filepath-1.3.0.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package old-locale-1.0.0.4 ... linking ... done.
Loading package old-time-1.1.0.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package bytestring-0.9.2.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package unix-2.5.1.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package directory-1.1.0.2 ... linking ... done.
Loading package cpphs-1.14 ... linking ... done.
Loading package haskell-src-exts-1.13.5 ... linking ... done.
Loading package transformers-0.3.0.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package mtl-2.1.2 ... linking ... done.
Loading package regex-base-0.93.2 ... linking ... done.
Loading package regex-posix-0.95.2 ... linking ... done.
Loading package language-haskell-extract-0.2.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package ansi-terminal-0.5.5 ... linking ... done.
Loading package ansi-wl-pprint-0.6.4 ... linking ... done.
Loading package extensible-exceptions-0.1.1.4 ... linking ... done.
Loading package hostname-1.0 ... linking ... done.
Loading package time-1.4 ... linking ... done.
Loading package random-1.0.1.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package text-0.11.2.3 ... linking ... done.
Loading package xml-1.3.12 ... linking ... done.
Loading package test-framework-0.6.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package test-framework-th-0.2.2 ... linking ... done.
Loading package HUnit-1.2.5.1 ... linking ... done.
Loading package test-framework-hunit-0.2.7 ... linking ... done.
Linking dist/build/Test/Test ...
+ cabal test
Running 1 test suites...
Test suite Test: RUNNING...
Test suite Test: PASS
Test suite logged to: dist/test/dependency-bug-0.0.1-Test.log
1 of 1 test suites (1 of 1 test cases) passed.
+ sed -e 's/Return ./Return B/' -i src/Dependency/Library.hs
+ cabal build
Building dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing library dependency-bug-0.0.1...
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.o )
[1 of 1] Compiling Dependency.Library ( src/Dependency/Library.hs, dist/build/Dependency/Library.p_o )
Registering dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Preprocessing test suite 'Test' for dependency-bug-0.0.1...
Linking dist/build/Test/Test ...
+ cabal test
Running 1 test suites...
Test suite Test: RUNNING...
Test suite Test: PASS
Test suite logged to: dist/test/dependency-bug-0.0.1-Test.log
1 of 1 test suites (1 of 1 test cases) passed.

As you can see, without-inline the 2nd build did not recompile the test, even though it should have. It only re-linked the test, so it kept seeing "Return A" even though the library actually does "Return B".

In my real code, there are no NO/INLINE pragmas; however, the TH code is complex enough that it is not inlined, which causes the same problem. I had to use the pragma to keep the example short.