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Implement -jsem: parallelism controlled by semaphores

sheaf requested to merge wip/jsem into master 
Implement -jsem: parallelism controlled by semaphores

See https://github.com/ghc-proposals/ghc-proposals/pull/540/ for a
complete description for the motivation for this feature.

The `-jsem` option allows a build tool to pass a semaphore to GHC which
GHC can use in order to control how much parallelism it requests.

GHC itself acts as a client in the GHC jobserver protocol.

```
GHC Jobserver Protocol
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This proposal introduces the GHC Jobserver Protocol. This protocol allows
a server to dynamically invoke many instances of a client process,
while restricting all of those instances to use no more than <n> capabilities.
This is achieved by coordination over a system semaphore (either a POSIX
semaphore [6]_  in the case of Linux and Darwin, or a Win32 semaphore [7]_
in the case of Windows platforms).

There are two kinds of participants in the GHC Jobserver protocol:

- The *jobserver* creates a system semaphore with a certain number of
  available tokens.

  Each time the jobserver wants to spawn a new jobclient subprocess, it **must**
  first acquire a single token from the semaphore, before spawning
  the subprocess. This token **must** be released once the subprocess terminates.

  Once work is finished, the jobserver **must** destroy the semaphore it created.

- A *jobclient* is a subprocess spawned by the jobserver or another jobclient.

  Each jobclient starts with one available token (its *implicit token*,
  which was acquired by the parent which spawned it), and can request more
  tokens through the Jobserver Protocol by waiting on the semaphore.

  Each time a jobclient wants to spawn a new jobclient subprocess, it **must**
  pass on a single token to the child jobclient. This token can either be the
  jobclient's implicit token, or another token which the jobclient acquired
  from the semaphore.

  Each jobclient **must** release exactly as many tokens as it has acquired from
  the semaphore (this does not include the implicit tokens).
```

Build tools such as cabal act as jobservers in the protocol and are
responsibile for correctly creating, cleaning up and managing the
semaphore.

Fixes #19349
Edited by Matthew Pickering

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