ci: minor nix-in-docker improvements

This patch makes some minor improvements re nix-in-docker logic in the
ci configuration:

- Update `nixos/nix` to the latest version
- Apply $CPUS to `cores`/`max-jobs` to avoid oversubscribing while
  allowing a reasonable degree of parallelism
- Remove redundant `--extra-experimental-features nix-command` in
  later `nix shell` invocations, it's already configured in
  `/etc/nix/nix.conf`

(cherry picked from commit 291388e1)