Fix #9815: fix caching for quick-jobs CI (XDG, cache keys) (backport #9845) (#10041)

* Fix #9815: switch quick-jobs CI to XDG

Fix #9815:
- Cache `~/.local/state/cabal` instead of `~/.cabal/store`
- `~/.local/bin` is used instead of `~/.cabal/bin` and is already in the PATH
  (verify this by calling `alex` after installing it)

As I am passing by:
- bump cache action to v4
- double-quote `$USER` to keep actionlint happy
- move `if` from shell-level to job-level
- allow newest `alex`

(cherry picked from commit e916cb59)

* CI quick-jobs: use preinstalled GHC and Cabal

(cherry picked from commit c209a827)

* Makefile: remove dead target 'lexer', use '.PHONY' systematically

The `lexer` target was removed in
https://github.com/haskell/cabal/pull/8980



(cherry picked from commit e6000878)

* CI "Meta checks": correct cache key

(cherry picked from commit 56426e4f)

* CI "Meta checks": print Haskell versions

(cherry picked from commit 9a311bd8)

* CI "Doctest Cabal": daily refresh of cache

(cherry picked from commit ba6f6ffc)

* CI "Check Field Syntax Reference": correct cache key

(cherry picked from commit 5949e3fd)

* Update generated Cabal/src/Distribution/Simple/Build/Macros/Z.hs

Not sure why this was not up to date on master and still CI passed.
Maybe the content of this file is dependent on the GHC version we are
using to build the `get-cabal-macros` tool?

(cherry picked from commit 947860a8)

* CI quick-jobs: entirely wipe ghcup directory rights workaround

(cherry picked from commit 5aa8afd4)

* !fixup

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Co-authored-by: Andreas Abel <andreas.abel@ifi.lmu.de>
Co-authored-by: Artem Pelenitsyn <a.pelenitsyn@gmail.com>