Arity: Record arity types for non-recursive lets

In #18793, we saw a compelling example which requires us to look at
non-recursive let-bindings during arity analysis and unleash their arity
types at use sites.

After the refactoring in the previous patch, the needed change is quite
simple and very local to `arityType`'s defn for non-recurisve `Let`.

Apart from that, we had to get rid of the second item of
`Note [Dealing with bottoms]`, which was entirely a safety measure and
hindered optimistic fixed-point iteration.

Fixes #18793.

The following metric increases are all caused by this commit and a
result of the fact that we just do more work now:

Metric Increase:
    T3294
    T12545
    T12707