hadrian: Ensure that settings is regenerated during bindist installation

Previously Hadrian would simply install the settings file generated in
the build environment during the binary distribution installation. This
is wrong since these environments may differ (e.g. different `cc`
versions).

We noticed on Darwin when installation of a binary distribution produced
on a newer Darwin release resulted in a broken compiler due to the
installed `settings` file incorrectly claiming that `cc` supported
`-no-pie`.

Fixing this sadly requires a bit of code duplication since `settings` is
produced by Hadrian and not `configure`. For now I have simply
duplicated the `settings` generation logic used by the Make build system
into Hadrian's bindist Makefile.

Ultimately the solution will probably involve shipping a freestanding
utility to replace `configure`'s toolchain probing logic and generate a
toolchain description file (similar to `settings`) as described
in #19877.

Fixes #20253.