Refactor TcDeriv to validity-check less in anyclass/via deriving (#13154)

Due to the way `DerivEnv` is currently structured, there is an
invariant that every derived instance must consist of a class applied
to a non-empty list of argument types, where the last argument *must*
be an application of a type constructor to some arguments. This works
for many cases, but there are also some design patterns in standalone
`anyclass`/`via` deriving that are made impossible due to enforcing
this invariant, as documented in #13154.

This fixes #13154 by refactoring `TcDeriv` and friends to perform
fewer validity checks when using the `anyclass` or `via` strategies.
The highlights are as followed:

* Five fields of `DerivEnv` have been factored out into a new
  `DerivInstTys` data type. These fields only make sense for
  instances that satisfy the invariant mentioned above, so
  `DerivInstTys` is now only used in `stock` and `newtype` deriving,
  but not in other deriving strategies.
* There is now a `Note [DerivEnv and DerivSpecMechanism]` describing
  the bullet point above in more detail, as well as explaining the
  exact requirements that each deriving strategy imposes.
* I've refactored `mkEqnHelp`'s call graph to be slightly less
  complicated. Instead of the previous `mkDataTypeEqn`/`mkNewTypeEqn`
  dichotomy, there is now a single entrypoint `mk_eqn`.
* Various bits of code were tweaked so as not to use fields that are
  specific to `DerivInstTys` so that they may be used by all deriving
  strategies, since not all deriving strategies use `DerivInstTys`.