Fix explicitly-bidirectional pattern synonyms

This partly fixes Trac #13441, at least for the explicitly
bidirectional case.

See Note [Checking against a pattern signature], the part about
"Existential type variables".

Alas, the implicitly-bidirectional case is still not quite right, but
at least there is a workaround by making it explicitly bidirectional.

(cherry picked from commit 7c7479d0)