numberToRangedRational: fix edge cases for exp ≈ (maxBound :: Int)

Currently a negative exponent less than `minBound :: Int` results in
Infinity, which is very surprising and obviously wrong.

```
λ> read "1e-9223372036854775808" :: Double
0.0
λ> read "1e-9223372036854775809" :: Double
Infinity
```

There is a further edge case where the exponent can overflow when
increased by the number of tens places in the integer part, or
underflow when decreased by the number of leading zeros in the
fractional part if the integer part is zero:

```
λ> read "10e9223372036854775807" :: Double
0.0
λ> read "0.01e-9223372036854775808" :: Double
Infinity
```

To resolve both of these issues, perform all arithmetic and
comparisons involving the exponent in type `Integer`.  This approach
also eliminates the need to explicitly check the exponent against
`maxBound :: Int` and `minBound :: Int`, because the allowed range
of the exponent (i.e. the result of `floatRange` for the target
floating point type) is certainly within those bounds.

This change implements CLC proposal 192:
https://github.com/haskell/core-libraries-committee/issues/192