Make language extensions their own category in the documentation

I.e. instead of

    .. ghc-flag:: -XUnboxedTuples
        :shortdesc: Enable the use of unboxed tuple syntax.
        :type: dynamic
        :reverse: -XNoUnboxedTuples
        :category:

one simply writes

    .. extension:: UnboxedTuples
        :shortdesc: Enable the use of unboxed tuple syntax.

This allows language extensions to be referenced as

    If :extension:`UnboxedTuples` is enabled, then...

This directive still creates the entries for the `-XUnboxedTuples` flag,
so in particular,

    Set :ghc-flag:`-XUnboxedTuples` if you have to.

still works, and lists of flags in general (e.g. for the manpage)
include these.

I also removed lots of links from the shortdesc of the extensions, when
this link simply points to the section where the extension is defined.

I removed the list of `-X` flags from the flag reference table, but added a
table of extension under “10.1. Language options”

Lots of text in the manual now refers to “extension `Foo`” rather than
“flag `-XFoo`”.

I consider `-XFoo` a historic artifact that stems from when language
extensions were really just flags. These days, the use of `-XFoo` is
(IMHO) deprecated: You should be using `LANGUAGE Foo`, or maybe the
appropriate field in a `.cabal` file. See 9278994a which did this change
to error messages already.

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.haskell.org/D4112