Fix #16517 by bumping the TcLevel for method sigs

There were actually two bugs fixed here:

1. candidateQTyVarsOfType needs to be careful that it does not
   try to zap metavariables from an outer scope as "naughty"
   quantification candidates. This commit adds a simple check
   to avoid doing so.

2. We weren't bumping the TcLevel in kcHsKindSig, which was used
   only for class method sigs. This mistake led to the acceptance
   of

     class C a where
       meth :: forall k. Proxy (a :: k) -> ()

   Note that k is *locally* quantified. This patch fixes the
   problem by using tcClassSigType, which correctly bumps the
   level. It's a bit inefficient because tcClassSigType does other
   work, too, but it would be tedious to repeat much of the code
   there with only a few changes. This version works well and is
   simple.

And, while updating comments, etc., I noticed that tcRnType was
missing a pushTcLevel, leading to #16767, which this patch also
fixes, by bumping the level. In the refactoring here, I also
use solveEqualities. This initially failed ghci/scripts/T15415,
but that was fixed by teaching solveEqualities to respect
-XPartialTypeSignatures.

This patch also cleans up some Notes around error generation that
came up in conversation.

Test case: typecheck/should_fail/T16517, ghci/scripts/T16767