JS: Add externs to linker (fixes #24602)

After enabling jsdoc and built-in google closure compiler types I was needed to deal with the following:

1. Define NodeJS-environment types. I've just copied minimal set of externs from semi-official repo (see https://github.com/externs/nodejs/blob/6c6882c73efcdceecf42e7ba11f1e3e5c9c041f0/v8/nodejs.js#L8).
2. Define Emscripten-environment types: `HEAP8`. Emscripten already provides some externs in our code but it supposed to be run in some module system. And its definitions do not work well in plain bundle.
3. We have some functions which purpose is to add to functions some contextual information via function properties. These functions should be marked as `modifies` to let google closure compiler remove calls if these functions are not used actually by call graph. Such functions are: `h$o`, `h$sti`, `h$init_closure`, `h$setObjInfo`.
4. STG primitives such as registries and stuff from `GHC.StgToJS`. `dXX` properties were already present at externs generator function but they are started from `7`, not from `1`. This message is related: `// fixme does closure compiler bite us here?`