Arrows: correctly query arrow methods (#17423)

Consider the following code:

    proc (C x y) -> ...

Before this patch, the evidence binding for the Arrow dictionary was
attached to the C pattern:

    proc (C x y) { $dArrow = ... } -> ...

But then when we desugar this, we use arrow operations ("arr", ">>>"...)
specialised for this arrow:

    let
        arr_xy = arr $dArrow -- <-- Not in scope!
        ...
    in
        arr_xy (\(C x y) { $dArrow = ... } -> ...)

This patch allows arrow operations to be type-checked before the proc
itself, avoiding this issue.

Fix #17423