Propagate long-distance information in do-notation

The preceding commit re-enabled pattern-match checking inside record
updates. This revealed that #21360 was in fact NOT fixed by e74fc066.

This commit makes sure we correctly propagate long-distance information
in do blocks, e.g. in

```haskell
data T = A { fld :: Int } | B

f :: T -> Maybe T
f r = do
  a@A{} <- Just r
  Just $ case a of { A _ -> A 9 }
```

we need to propagate the fact that "a" is headed by the constructor "A"
to see that the case expression "case a of { A _ -> A 9 }" cannot fail.

Fixes #21360